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True Grit (2010 film)

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license. It uses material retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Grit_(2010_film) on 2011-01-06.

CONTENTS

Plot

Cast

Adaptation and production

Soundtrack

Box office

Reception

Trivia

References

External links

True Grit (2010 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search

True Grit

Theatrical release poster

Directed by

Joel & Ethan Coen

Produced by

Joel Coen
Ethan Coen
Scott Rudin
Steven Spielberg

Screenplay by

Joel Coen
Ethan Coen

Based on

True Grit by
Charles Portis

Narrated by

Elizabeth Marvel

Starring

Jeff Bridges
Matt Damon
Josh Brolin
Hailee Steinfeld
Barry Pepper

Music by

Carter Burwell

Cinematography

Roger Deakins

Editing by

Roderick Jaynes

Studio

Scott Rudin Productions
Skydance Productions
Mike Zoss Productions

Distributed by

Paramount Pictures

Release date(s)

December 22, 2010 (2010-12-22)

Running time

110 minutes

Country

United States

Language

English

Budget

$38 million[1]

Gross revenue

$89,292,295

True Grit is a 2010 American Western film written and directed by the Coen brothers. It is the second adaptation of Charles Portis' 1968 novel of the same name, which was previously adapted for film in 1969 starring John Wayne. The film stars Hailee Steinfeld as Mattie Ross, and Jeff Bridges as U.S. Marshal Reuben J. "Rooster" Cogburn along with Matt Damon, Josh Brolin,and Barry Pepper.

Filming began in March 2010, and the film was officially released on December 22, 2010 in the US, after advance screenings earlier that month.[2] The film will open the 61st Berlin International Film Festival on February 10, 2011.[3]

Plot

The film is narrated by the adult Mattie Ross (Elizabeth Marvel), who recounts that in the late fall of 1877, when she was 14, her father was murdered in Fort Smith, Arkansas by one of his hired hands, Tom Chaney (Josh Brolin). Chaney made off with her father's horses and two of his California gold pieces. While collecting her father's body, young Mattie (Hailee Steinfeld) inquires about a Deputy U.S. Marshal to hire to track down Chaney. She is given three recommendations, but chooses to hire Rooster Cogburn (Jeff Bridges), because he is described as the most merciless. He repeatedly rebuffs her attempts to hire him, believing that she doesn't have the $50 with which to pay him.

Meanwhile, at the boarding house where she is staying, Texas Ranger LaBoeuf (Matt Damon) arrives on the trail of Chaney. LaBoeuf has been pursuing him for several months over a murder in Texas. He proposes to Mattie that they should team up with Cogburn, since the Marshal knows the Choctaw terrain where Chaney is hiding, while LaBoeuf knows how the man is most likely to behave. Mattie rejects LaBoeuf's offer, because he would take Chaney back to Texas to be hanged for the prior murder (in exchange for a large cash reward), instead of her father's. After finally securing Cogburn's services for $100, Mattie is instructed to meet him the following morning to begin the search for Chaney. Instead of meeting her, though, Cogburn leaves her train ticket and a note telling her to go home, while he goes to apprehend Chaney.

Mattie catches up with Cogburn after fording a river on her horse. He has teamed up with LaBoeuf and agreed to split the Texas reward for Chaney. Accusing him of fraud, Mattie threatens to have Cogburn arrested for breaking their agreement, which specified that she must accompany him on the manhunt. Reluctantly, he allows Mattie to come along. After a disagreement, LaBoeuf sets off on his own in search of Chaney. Eventually, Mattie and Cogburn come across an isolated shack, where two outlaws are staying. After they turn on each other, Cogburn kills the older outlaw, and as the younger one is dying (from a stab wound inflicted by the older outlaw, coupled with a gunshot wound inflicted by Cogburn), he explains that "Lucky" Ned Pepper (Barry Pepper) and his gang were planning on returning to the shack later that night. Believing Chaney to be riding with Pepper's gang, Cogburn and Mattie lie in wait for the gang from the safety of higher ground.

However, LaBoeuf arrives at the shack ahead of the gang. When they arrive, they lasso LaBoeuf and drag him behind a horse. Cogburn opens fire from his hiding spot, kills two members of the gang, and accidentally wounds LaBoeuf. During the night, Cogburn drinks a great deal of whiskey and is severely drunk the next morning. The following night, he and LaBoeuf argue again, and LaBoeuf departs for Texas. The next morning, as Mattie draws water at the river, she encounters Chaney, who is watering the gang's horses. She draws her father's pistol and shoots him. The pistol misfires as she tries to finish him off, and he drags her back to the gang. Ned uses Mattie as a hostage, to get Cogburn to ride off. Ned leaves Mattie with Chaney, ordering him not to kill her. He plans to send a horse back for Chaney later in the day, once the gang have reached a new hideout.

Once alone, Chaney rejects Mattie's offer to attempt to reduce his sentence of her father's murder if he lets her go, and attacks her to silence her; LaBoeuf arrives and saves Mattie by knocking Chaney out with the butt of his rifle. LaBoeuf explains that when he heard the shots he doubled back and met up with Cogburn, who hatched a plan. The two watch from the hill above to the valley below, where Cogburn faces off against Pepper and his gang: the Parmalee brothers and Doc. After a brief argument, Cogburn charges wielding a Colt revolver in each hand. A tense shootout ensues, during which one of the Parmalee's shoots Rooster, but Rooster in rapid succession shoots and kills all of the gang and shoots and wounds Pepper. Pepper shoots Cogburn's horse and Cogburn becomes trapped under the corpse. The wounded Pepper prepares to finish off Cogburn, but LaBoeuf is able to kill Lucky Ned with his Sharps rifle from over 400 yards away. Chaney regains consciousness soon after, knocks out LaBoeuf, and wrestles with Mattie for his rifle. Mattie is able to overpower Chaney and shoots him in the chest, knocking him off the mountain campsite, killing him. The recoil from the rifle knocks her down into a snakepit, where she is bitten on the hand by a rattlesnake. Cogburn climbs down the pit and fires his gun several times to scare off the snakes, while LaBoeuf regains consciousness and pulls them up. Cogburn tells LaBoeuf to stay put on the hill, and says he will send a horse for him in the morning. Cogburn takes Mattie and rides all night to get her to a doctor. When they are only a few miles from the nearest town, Mattie's horse collapses of exhaustion and Cogburn puts it out of its misery. Cogburn picks up Mattie and continues on foot, arriving in time to save Mattie's life.

Twenty-five years later, in the summer of 1903, Mattie – now 40 and with only one arm, due to amputation necessitated by the snakebite – receives an invitation from Cogburn to meet him at a traveling Wild West show with which he is performing. When she arrives at the site, she learns that Cogburn had died three days earlier (July 15, 1903). She has his body moved into her family plot in Yell County, Arkansas, and the film ends with her standing over his grave. LaBeouf's fate is unknown, as Mattie remarks that she never saw him again.

Cast

- Jeff Bridges as U.S. Marshal Reuben J. "Rooster" Cogburn

- Matt Damon as Texas Ranger LaBoeuf

- Josh Brolin as Tom Chaney

- Hailee Steinfeld as Mattie Ross

- Barry Pepper as "Lucky" Ned Pepper

- Domhnall Gleeson as Moon (the kid)

- Ed Lee Corbin as Bear Man

- Roy Lee Jones as Yarnell Poindexter

- Paul Rae as Emmett Quincy

- Nicholas Sadler as Sullivan

- Bruce Green as Harold Parmalee

- Joe Stevens as Lawyer Goudy

- Dakin Matthews as Colonel Stonehill

- Elizabeth Marvel as 40-year-old Mattie

- Leon Russom as Sheriff

- Jake Walker as Judge Isaac Parker

- Peter Leung as Mr. Lee

- Don Pirl as Cole Younger

- Jarlath Conroy as The Undertaker

Adaptation and production

Ahead of shooting, Ethan Coen said that the film would be a more faithful adaptation of the novel than the 1969 version.

“

It's partly a question of point-of-view. The book is entirely in the voice of the 14-year-old girl. That sort of tips the feeling of it over a certain way. I think [the book is] much funnier than the movie was so I think, unfortunately, they lost a lot of humor in both the situations and in her voice. It also ends differently than the movie did. You see the main character—the little girl—25 years later when she's an adult. Another way in which it's a little bit different from the movie—and maybe this is just because of the time the movie was made—is that it's a lot tougher and more violent than the movie reflects. Which is part of what's interesting about it.[4]

”

Mattie Ross "is a pill," said Ethan Coen in a December 2010 interview, "but there is something deeply admirable about her in the book that we were drawn to," including the Presbyterian-Protestant ethic so strongly imbued in a 14-year-old girl. Joel Coen said that the brothers did not want to "mess around with what we thought was a very compelling story and character". The film's producer, Scott Rudin, said that the Coens had taken a "formal, reverent approach" to the Western genre, with its emphasis on adventure and quest. “The patois of the characters, the love of language that permeates the whole film, makes it very much of a piece with their other films, but it is the least ironic in many regards".[5]

Open casting sessions were held in Texas in November 2009 for the role of Mattie Ross. The following month, Paramount Pictures announced a casting search for a 12- to 16-year-old girl, describing the character as a "simple, tough as nails young woman" whose "unusually steely nerves and straightforward manner are often surprising".[6] Steinfeld, then age 13, was selected for the role from a pool of 15,000 applicants. “It was, as you can probably imagine, the source of a lot of anxiety,” Ethan Coen told The New York Times. “We were aware if the kid doesn’t work, there’s no movie".[5]

The film was shot in the Santa Fe, New Mexico area in March and April 2010, as well as in Granger and Austin, Texas.[7] The first trailer was released in September. A second trailer premiered with The Social Network.

True Grit is the first Coen brothers film to receive a PG-13 rating since 2003's Intolerable Cruelty for "some intense sequences of western violence including disturbing images".

The movie reunited actors Matt Damon and Barry Pepper who had starred together in 1998's Saving Private Ryan.

Soundtrack

True Grit is the 15th Coen brothers film scored by long-time collaborator Carter Burwell. The Coens discussed the idea of using 19th-century church music, "something that was severe (sounding). It couldn't be soothing or uplifting, and at the same time it couldn't be outwardly depressing. I spent the summer going through hymn books," he says.[8]

Johnny Cash's "God's Gonna Cut You Down" was used in the theatrical trailer. The 1887 hymn "Leaning on the Everlasting Arms" is used as Mattie Ross's theme, and about a quarter of the score is based on it. Iris DeMent's version, from her 2004 album Lifeline, is used during the end credits. Other hymns are also referenced in the score, including "The Glory-Land Way" and "What a Friend We Have in Jesus".[8] Because of the use of hymns, the score was deemed ineligible to be nominated for Best Original Score in the 2010 Academy Awards.[9]

Box office

In the holiday weekend following its December 22 North American debut, True Grit took in $25.6 million at the box office, twice its pre-release projections.[1] In its second weekend ending January 2, the film had earned $87.1 million domestically, becoming the Coen brothers' highest grossing film, surpassing No Country for Old Men, which earned $74.3 million. Both the brothers and Paramount Vice Chairman Rob Moore noted that the film's "soft" PG-13 rating, atypical for a Coen brothers film, helped broaden the audience. Paramount anticipated that the film would be popular with the adults who often comprise the Coen brothers' core audience, as well as fans of the Western genre. But True Grit also drew extended families comprised of parents, grandparents and teenagers. Geographically, the film played strongest in Los Angeles and New York, but its top 20 markets also included Oklahoma City; Plano, Texas, and Olathe, Kansas.[10][11]

True Grit was the only mainstream movie of the season to exceed the revenue expectations of its producers. The Los Angeles Times predicted that the film would likely become the second-highest grossing western of all times when inflation is discounted, exceeded only by Dances With Wolves.[10]

Reception

The film received critical acclaim; Rotten Tomatoes reported that 95% of critics gave the film a positive review based on 182 reviews, with only 10 negative reviews and an average score of 8.4/10, with its consensus stating "Girded by strong performances from Jeff Bridges, Matt Damon, and newcomer Hailee Steinfeld, and lifted by some of the Coens' most finely tuned, unaffected work, True Grit is a worthy companion to the Charles Portis book."[12] Metacritic gave the film an average score of 80/100 based on 40 reviews from mainstream critics, indicating " generally positive reviews".[13] Total Film gave the film a 5 star review (denoting 'outstanding'): "This isn’t so much a remake as a masterly re-creation. Not only does it have the drop on the 1969 version, it’s the first great movie of 2011".[14]

Roger Ebert gave it 3.5 stars out of 4, writing, "What strikes me is that I'm describing the story and the film as if it were simply, if admirably, a good Western. That's a surprise to me, because this is a film by the Coen Brothers, and this is the first straight genre exercise in their career. It's a loving one. Their craftsmanship is a wonder", and also remarking, "The cinematography by Roger Deakins reminds us of the glory that was, and can still be, the Western."[15] Los Angeles Times critic Kenneth Turan gave the film 4 out of 5 stars, writing, "The Coens, not known for softening anything, have restored the original's bleak, elegiac conclusion and as writer-directors have come up with a version that shares events with the first film but is much closer in tone to the book... Clearly recognizing a kindred spirit in Portis, sharing his love for eccentric characters and odd language, they worked hard, and successfully, at serving the buoyant novel as well as being true to their own black comic brio."[16] In his review for the Minneapolis Star Tribune Colin Covert wrote: "the Coens dial down the eccentricity and deliver their first classically made, audience-pleasing genre picture. The results are masterful."[17]

Trivia

- Mattie's father is implied to have been a Free Mason. Mattie tells her man servant that he is to be "buried with his mason apron on". Also there is a mason angle and compass on the satchel that Mattie inherits with her father's worldly possessions.

References

1. ^ [a] [b] Barnes, Brooks (December 26, 2010). "Strong Start for Coen Brothers’ ‘True Grit’". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/27/movies/27arts-STRONGSTARTF_BRF.html. Retrieved 27 December 2010.

2. ^ Washington, DC, Film Society website.

3. ^ "Coen Brothers’ True Grit to Open the 61st Berlinale". berlinale.de. http://www.berlinale.de/en/presse/pressemitteilungen/alle/Alle-Detail_7060.html. Retrieved 2010-12-15.

4. ^ "True Grit Exclusive – Movies News at IGN". IGN. http://uk.movies.ign.com/articles/103/1039283p1.html. Retrieved February 16, 2010.

5. ^ [a] [b] Carr, David (December 10, 2010). "The Coen Brothers, Shooting Straight". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/12/movies/12grit.html. Retrieved 22 December 2010.

6. ^ "True Grit Film – casting Call". Truegritcasting.com. http://www.truegritcasting.com/. Retrieved February 16, 2010.

7. ^ "Coen Brothers to film 'True Grit' remake in NM". Boston Herald. http://www.bostonherald.com/news/national/west/view/20100212coen_brothers_to_film_true_grit_remake_in_nm/srvc=home&position=recent. Retrieved February 16, 2010.

8. ^ [a] [b] "Burwell in tune with Coen brothers". Variety.com. 2010-12-21. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118028850?refcatid=16.

9. ^ "Academy nixes four score contenders". Variety.com. 2010-12-21. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118029326/.

10. ^ [a] [b] Fritz, Ben (January 3, 1011). "Company Town: 'True Grit' rides tall in the saddle". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-box-office-20110103,0,4933695.story. Retrieved 3 January 2011.

11. ^ Cieply, Michael; Brooks, Barnes (January 5, 1011). "As a Hot Ticket, Will ‘True Grit’ Sway the Oscars?". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/05/movies/awardsseason/05oscar.html. Retrieved 6 January 2011.

12. ^ "True Grit Movie Reviews, Pictures". Rotten Tomatoes. http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/true-grit-2010/. Retrieved 2010-12-22.

13. ^ "True Grit Reviews, Ratings, Credits, and More at Metacritic". Metacritic. http://www.metacritic.com/movie/true-grit. Retrieved December 22, 2010.

14. ^ "True Grit Review". Total Film. http://www.totalfilm.com/reviews/cinema/true-grit. Retrieved December 22, 2010.

15. ^ "True Grit". rogerebert.suntimes.com. http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20101221/REVIEWS/101229997. Retrieved December 22, 2010.

16. ^ Turan, Kenneth (December 23, 2010). "Movie review: True Grit". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-true-grit-20101222,0,7069951.story. Retrieved December 23, 2010.

17. ^ Covert, Colin (December 23, 2010). "Classic Coens". Star Tribune. http://www.startribune.com/entertainment/movies/112263959.html?elr=KArksD:aDyaEP:kD:aUnc5PDiUiD3aPc:_Yyc:aULPQL7PQLanchO7DiUr. Retrieved December 23, 2010.

External links

- Official website

- True Grit at the Internet Movie Database

- True Grit at Rotten Tomatoes

- True Grit at Metacritic

- True Grit at Box Office Mojo

v • d • e True Grit

Novel

True Grit by Charles Portis

Film versions

True Grit (1969) · Rooster Cogburn · True Grit: A Further Adventure · True Grit (2010)

Directors

Henry Hathaway · Stuart Millar · Richard T. Heffron · Coen brothers

Soundtracks

True Grit by Glen Campbell

Rooster Cogburn

John Wayne · Warren Oates · Jeff Bridges

v • d • e Coen brothers

1980s

Blood Simple (1984) · Raising Arizona (1987)

1990s

Miller's Crossing (1990) · Barton Fink (1991) · The Hudsucker Proxy (1994) · Fargo (1996) · The Big Lebowski (1998)

2000s

O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000) · The Man Who Wasn't There (2001) · Intolerable Cruelty (2003) · The Ladykillers (2004) · No Country for Old Men (2007) · Burn After Reading (2008) · A Serious Man (2009)

2010s

True Grit (2010)

Shorts

Tuileries (2006) · World Cinema (2007)

Other films

Crimewave (1985) · The Naked Man (1998) · Down from the Mountain (2000) · Bad Santa (2003) · Romance & Cigarettes (2006) · Paris, je t'aime (2006) · Suburbicon (2010) · Gambit (2010)

Collaborators

Carter Burwell · Roger Deakins · List of frequent Coen Brothers collaborators

v • d • e Steven Spielberg filmography

1970s

Duel (1971) · The Sugarland Express (1974) · Jaws (1975) · Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977) · 1941 (1979)

1980s

Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) · E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982) · Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984) · The Color Purple (1985) · Empire of the Sun (1987) · Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989) · Always (1989)

1990s

Hook (1991) · Jurassic Park (1993) · Schindler's List (1993) · The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997) · Amistad (1997) · Saving Private Ryan (1998)

2000s

A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001) · Minority Report (2002) · Catch Me If You Can (2002)  · The Terminal (2004) · War of the Worlds (2005) · Munich (2005) · Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008)

2010s

The Adventures of Tintin: Secret of the Unicorn (2011) · War Horse (2011)

Production
credits

I Wanna Hold Your Hand (1978) · Used Cars (1980) · Continental Divide (1981) · Poltergeist (1982) · E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982) · Gremlins (1984) · Back to the Future (1985) · The Goonies (1985) · Young Sherlock Holmes (1985) · The Color Purple (1985) · An American Tail (1986) · The Money Pit (1986) · *batteries not included (1987) · Harry and the Hendersons (1987; uncredited) · Innerspace (1987) · Empire of the Sun (1987) · Three O'Clock High (1987; uncredited) · The Land Before Time (1988) · Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988) · Back to the Future Part II (1989) · Always (1989) · Dad (1989) · Arachnophobia (1990) · Back to the Future Part III (1990) · Gremlins 2: The New Batch (1990) · Joe Versus the Volcano (1990) · An American Tail: Fievel Goes West (1991) · Cape Fear (1991) · We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story (1993) · Schindler's List (1993) · The Flintstones (1994) · Casper (1995) · Balto (1995) · Twister (1996) · Men in Black (1997) · Amistad (1997) · Deep Impact (1998) · The Mask of Zorro (1998) · Saving Private Ryan (1998) · The Last Days (1998) · The Prince of Egypt (1998; uncredited) · The Haunting (1999; uncredited)  · Evolution (2001; uncredited) · A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001) · Jurassic Park III (2001) · Shrek (2001; uncredited) · Men in Black II (2002) · Catch Me If You Can (2002) · The Terminal (2004) · The Legend of Zorro (2005) · Memoirs of a Geisha (2005) · Munich (2005) · Monster House (2006) · Flags of Our Fathers (2006) · Letters from Iwo Jima (2006) · Disturbia (2007; uncredited) · Transformers (2007) · Eagle Eye (2008) · Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (2009) · The Lovely Bones (2009) · Hereafter (2010) · True Grit (2010) · I Am Number Four (2011) · Cowboys & Aliens (2011) · Super 8 (2011) · Transformers: Dark of the Moon (2011) · The Adventures of Tintin: Secret of the Unicorn (2011) · Men in Black III (2012)

Television

Night Gallery (1970) · Amazing Stories (1985–1987) · Tiny Toon Adventures (1990–1992) · A Wish for Wings That Work (1991) · Tiny Toon Adventures: How I Spent My Vacation (1992) · Family Dog (1993) · seaQuest DSV (1993–1995) · Animaniacs (1993–1998) · ER (1994) · Pinky and the Brain / Pinky, Elmyra & the Brain (1995–1999) · Freakazoid! (1995–1997) · Toonsylvania (1998) · Invasion America (1998) · Band of Brothers (2001) · Taken (2002) · Into the West (2005) · On the Lot (2007) · United States of Tara (2009–present) · The Pacific (2010) · Terra Nova · Falling Skies

Games

Medal of Honor (1999) · Boom Blox (2008) · Boom Blox Bash Party (2009)

Short films

Tummy Trouble (1989; played with Honey, I Shrunk the Kids) · Roller Coaster Rabbit (1990; played with Dick Tracy) · Trail Mix-Up (1993; played with A Far Off Place) · I'm Mad (1994; played with Thumbelina)

See also

Firelight (1964) · Amblin' (1968) · Something Evil (1972) · Kick the Can (1983)
Filmography · Amblin Entertainment · DreamWorks · USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education · Amblimation

True Grit (1969 film)

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license. It uses material retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Grit_(1969_film) on 2011-01-06.

CONTENTS

Synopsis

Cast

Production

Reception

Awards and nominations

John Wayne's performance

Differences from the novel

Sequels and other film versions

Notes

External links

True Grit (1969 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search

True Grit

Theatrical release poster

Directed by

Henry Hathaway

Produced by

Hal B. Wallis

Written by

Marguerite Roberts

Based on

True Grit by Charles Portis

Starring

John Wayne
Glen Campbell
Kim Darby
Robert Duvall
Jeff Corey
Dennis Hopper
Strother Martin
John Fiedler

Music by

Elmer Bernstein

Cinematography

Lucien Ballard

Editing by

Warren Low

Distributed by

Paramount Pictures

Release date(s)

June 11, 1969 (1969-06-11)

Running time

128 minutes

Country

United States

Language

English

Followed by

Rooster Cogburn

True Grit is a 1969 western film directed by Henry Hathaway and starring John Wayne as U.S. Marshal Rooster Cogburn. The film is adapted from the 1968 novel True Grit by Charles Portis. Wayne won his only Academy Award for his performance.

Synopsis

After Frank Ross (John Pickard) is murdered in October 1880 by his hired hand, Tom Chaney (Jeff Corey), Ross' headstrong, 14-year-old daughter Mattie (Kim Darby) hires the aging, irascible and hard-drinking U.S. Marshal Reuben "Rooster" J. Cogburn (John Wayne), who wears a black patch over a missing eye. Mattie has heard that, despite his vices, Cogburn has "true grit". She gives Rooster a down payment to track down Chaney, who has taken up with "Lucky" Ned Pepper (Robert Duvall), a gang leader whom Rooster once shot in the lip in a gunfight.

The pair must head into Indian Territory. They are joined by a young Texas Ranger, La Boeuf (Glen Campbell), who hopes to collect a $1,500 reward for capturing Chaney, who he says also killed a Texas Senator. Mattie dislikes the boastful Le Boeuf and refuses his assistance, but Le Boeuf joins forces with Cogburn, who agrees to split the reward with him. The two attempt to abandon Mattie, but they eventually learn that she is determined to join their posse.

After several days, the three arrive at a cabin in a valley, which Cogburn had claimed would be empty, so they could stay the night. However, the place is the hideout of Emmett Quincy (Jeremy Slate) and Moon (Dennis Hopper), two horse thieves who are waiting for Ned Pepper. After an argument between the two, Quincy fatally stabs Moon with a knife, forcing Rooster to kill Quincy. Before Moon dies from his wounds, he tells Rooster that Ned and his band are due at the hideout that night; the posse lays a trap.

The following morning, Pepper and his band arrive at the hideout. A shootout ensues, during which Rooster and Le Boeuf kill two of Ned's gang, though Pepper and the rest escape.

Rooster, Le Boeuf and Mattie make their way to a small outpost known as McAlester's store, where Rooster arranges for the four dead to be buried. After prompting from Mattie, he keeps a promise to the stabbed horse thief to send money to his brother, a circuit-riding Methodist preacher in Austin, Texas.

The three continue their pursuit. After a few days on the trail, Mattie slips down a steep hill on her way to bathe in a river and finds herself face-to-face with Chaney. Much to his surprise, she shoots and wounds him. She calls out to Le Boeuf and Cogburn, but Pepper and his gang capture her. Using her as a bargaining tool, Pepper forces Cogburn and Le Boeuf to abandon Mattie.

Cogburn doubles back, however, and a shoot-out ensues with Pepper and his gang. Meanwhile, Le Boeuf finds Mattie and moves Chaney to an area he thinks is secure. Le Boeuf and Mattie move to an outcropping and watch as a mounted Rooster charges Ned and his three gang members. Rooster shoots down three of the gang, but is unhorsed and at the mercy of a surviving Pepper. Just as Pepper prepares to shoot Rooster, Le Boeuf kills Pepper from a great distance with a rifle shot.

Le Boeuf and Mattie return to find Chaney missing. Chaney then appears from behind a large pine tree and smashes a rock over Le Boeuf's head, knocking him unconscious and apparently killing him. Mattie shoots and wounds Chaney once again in the arm, but the recoil makes her fly backwards into a pit, breaking her arm. Cogburn appears and fatally shoots Chaney. Mattie is bitten by a rattlesnake, which Cogburn, having descended into the pit, shoots dead. The two are then pulled out by Le Boeuf, who subsequently dies. Cogburn is forced to leave Le Boeuf's corpse in order to get help for the bitten Mattie. He eventually makes it to McAlester's, where an Indian doctor treats her snakebite and splints her broken arm.

Days later, Cogburn is playing cards when Mattie's attorney, J. Noble Daggett (John Fiedler) arrives, and pays Cogburn the remaining money for Chaney's capture, plus an additional $200 for saving Mattie, who is still gravely ill. After absorbing the news, Rooster offers to bet the $275 and his cat that Mattie will make it back to her home in Yell County, but the prudent Daggett declines to bet against Mattie.

Weeks later, at Mattie's house, she has recovered, and shows Cogburn her family plot. Much to his surprise, she says that when he dies, he is invited to be buried next to her family. Cogburn accepts, adding good-naturedly before departing that he hopes not to move in too soon.

Cast

- John Wayne as Reuben J. "Rooster" Cogburn

- Kim Darby as Mattie Ross

- Glen Campbell as La Boeuf

- Jeremy Slate as Emmett Quincy

- Robert Duvall as Lucky Ned Pepper

- Dennis Hopper as Moon

- Strother Martin as Col. G. Stonehill

- Jeff Corey as Tom Chaney

- Donald Woods as Barlow

- James Westerfield as Judge Parker

Production

Filming took place mainly in Ouray County, Colorado, in the vicinity of Ridgway (now the home of the True Grit Cafe), and the town of Ouray.[1][2] (The script maintains the novel's references to place names in Arkansas and Oklahoma, in dramatic contrast to the Colorado topography.) The courtroom scenes were filmed at Ouray County Court house in Ouray. The scenes that take place at the "dugout" and along the creek where Pierce and Moon are killed, as well as the scene where Rooster carries Mattie on his horse Lil'Blackie after the snakebite, were filmed at Hot Creek on the east side of the Sierra Nevada near the town of Mammoth Lakes, California. Mt Morrison and Laurel Mountain form the backdrop above the creek. This location was also used in North to Alaska

Mia Farrow was originally cast as Mattie and was keen on the role. However, prior to filming she made a film in England with Robert Mitchum, who advised her not to work with director Henry Hathaway because he was "cantankerous". Farrow asked producer Hal B. Wallis to replace Hathaway with Roman Polanski, who had directed Farrow in "Rosemary's Baby," but Wallis refused. Farrow quit the role, which went to Kim Darby.[3]

Wayne called Marguerite Roberts' script “the best [he’d] ever read”. He particularly liked the scene with Darby where Rooster tells Mattie about his wife in Illinois, calling it the best scene he ever did.

Ouray County Courthouse, constructed in 1888.

In the last scene, Mattie gives Rooster her father's gun. She comments that he's gotten a tall horse, as she expected he would. He notes that his new horse can jump a four-rail fence. Then she admonishes him, "You're too old and fat to be jumping horses". Rooster responds with a smile, saying, “Well, come see a fat old man sometime”, and jumps his new horse over a fence. Despite popular belief, Wayne did not jump the fence himself. In fact, according to Wayne biographer Garry Wills, Wayne was not healthy enough to do such stunts. Wayne had had an entire lung removed four years prior to making the film and actually had trouble walking more than 30 feet without breathing heavily. Wayne's stunt double Jim Burk performed the scene.

Wayne fell in love with the horse, which would carry him through several more westerns, including his final movie, The Shootist. A chestnut Quarter horse gelding, Dollor ('Ole Dollor) had been Wayne's favorite horse for 10 years, through several westerns. The horse shown during the final scene of True Grit was Dollor, a two-year-old in 1969. Wayne had Dollor written into the script of The Shootist because of his love for the horse; it was a condition for him working on the project. Wayne would not let anyone else ride the horse, the lone exception being Robert Wagner, who rode the horse in a segment of the Hart to Hart television show, after Wayne's death.[4]

Reception

Awards and nominations

John Wayne won a Golden Globe and the Academy Award for Best Actor. Upon accepting his Oscar, Wayne said, "Wow! If I'd known that, I'd have put that patch on 35 years earlier". [5] The title song, by composer Elmer Bernstein and lyricist Don Black, and sung by Glen Campbell who co-starred in the movie, received nominations for both the Academy Award for Best Song and the Golden Globe.

John Wayne's performance

Garry Wills notes in his book John Wayne's America that Wayne's performance as Rooster Cogburn bears close similarities to the way Wallace Beery portrayed characters in the 1930s and 1940s, an inspired if surprising choice on Wayne's part. John Wayne also insisted that real Kentucky bourbon be used in place of prop whiskey. He also purportedly told the film crew, "This is my show, you're just along for the ride!" (Wills 58). Wills comments that it's difficult for one actor to imitate another for the entire length of a movie and that the Beery mannerisms temporarily recede during the scene in which Cogburn discusses his wife and child.

Differences from the novel

Lists of miscellaneous information should be avoided. Please relocate any relevant information into appropriate sections or articles. (October 2010)

This section does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2010)

See also: True Grit (novel)
Unlike the book, the movie doesn’t introduce Mattie as an old woman telling a story of her childhood, but instead begins and ends in late 1880, when Mattie is 14. In the book, Mattie remains the central character throughout; in the movie Rooster Cogburn gets an equal share of the limelight. The film also downplays the novel's biblical tone and adds a hint of romance between Mattie and La Boeuf. La Boeuf also does not die in the novel, but survives his head injury. Another significant difference from Portis' tale is that Mattie has her arm amputated as a result of the rattlesnake attack, in contrast to the final scene in the film where Kim Darby is seen with only a sling on her arm—indicating that she is recovering from the snake bites and intact physically. The novel's conclusion makes the reader aware that the story has been recounted by Mattie as an elderly, one-armed woman who never married.

In the book, Tom Chaney was a young man; Mattie guessed his age to be around 25. Jeff Corey, who played Chaney in the movie, was 55 at the time. In the movie, LaBoeuf claims to have a girl in Texas who would "look with favor" on his capture of Tom Chaney. In the book, LaBoeuf made no mention of a girlfriend; his motive for capturing Chaney was purely financial.

In the book, Rooster Cogburn had a mustache and did not wear an eye patch, though he had only one eye. In his fight with Ned Pepper, he wielded two Navy six-shooters. In the movie, Wayne carried a six-shooter in his left hand and his trademark large-loop rifle in the other. The character of Rooster was supposed to be around 40 in the novel; in the film, he was played by 61-year-old Wayne.

Also, the film's Colorado location and mountain scenery are in sharp contrast to the script's references to place names in Arkansas and Oklahoma. Further, the film is set in autumn, while the book clearly sets the story in winter, with snow on the ground outside the dugout where Quincy and Moon awaited Pepper's gang. In the book, when Mattie falls into the snake pit she faces a ball of snakes and disturbs them in their winter quarters. In the film Mattie faces a single rattlesnake.

Sequels and other film versions

A film sequel, Rooster Cogburn, was made in 1975, with Wayne reprising his role and Katharine Hepburn as an elderly spinster, Eula Goodnight, who teams up with him. A made-for-television sequel entitled True Grit: A Further Adventure, appeared in 1978, starring Warren Oates and Lisa Pelikan, and featured the further adventures of Rooster Cogburn and Mattie Ross.

In 2010 the Coen brothers directed a new adaptation of the novel. The Coens set out to be truer to the Charles Portis book, focusing more on Mattie's point-of-view.[6] Jeff Bridges plays the role of Rooster Cogburn, and the cast also includes Matt Damon and Josh Brolin.

Notes

1. ^ JeepsterGal (February 11, 2010). "True Grit: Then and Now". Colorado Vibes. Colorado Springs, Colorado. http://coloradovibes.com/2010/02/true-grit-then-and-now/. Retrieved January 2, 2011.

2. ^ John Wayne in True Grit, Then and Now, Extended Video at YouTube

3. ^ Davis, Ronald L. (2002). - Duke: The Life and Image of John Wayne. - Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. - p.286. - ISBN 9780806133294.

4. ^ Whiteside, John (January 19, 1985). - "The Duke's Horse Keeps Special Bond". - Chicago Sun Times.

5. ^ “”. "John Wayne winning Best Actor for "True Grit"". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7qQhODwivLU. Retrieved 2010-09-27.

6. ^ Fleming, Michael (March 22, 2009). - "Coen brothers to adapt 'True Grit'". - Variety.

External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: True Grit

- "The Real Fort Smith: the Fact and Fiction Behind True Grit" Posted on AwardsDaily.com, 11/17/2010. A look at the veracity of the novel and both film adaptations, from a Fort Smith history perspective.

- True Grit at the Internet Movie Database

- True Grit at the TCM Movie Database

- True Grit at Allmovie

- True Grit at Rotten Tomatoes

v • d • e Films directed by Henry Hathaway

1930s

Heritage of the Desert (1932) · Wild Horse Mesa (1932) · The Thundering Herd (1933) · Under the Tonto Rim (1933) · Sunset Pass (1933) · Man of the Forest (1933) · To the Last Man (1933) · Come on Marines (1934) · The Witching Hour (1934) · The Last Round-Up (1934) · Now and Forever (1934) · The Lives of a Bengal Lancer (1935) · Peter Ibbetson (1935) · I Loved a Soldier (1936) · The Trail of the Lonesome Pine (1936) · Go West, Young Man (1936) · Souls at Sea (1937) · Spawn of the North (1938) · The Real Glory (1939)

1940s

Johnny Apollo (1940) · Brigham Young (1940) · The Shepherd of the Hills (1941) · Sundown (1941) · Ten Gentlemen from West Point (1942) · China Girl (1942) · Home in Indiana (1944) · Wing and a Prayer (1944) · Nob Hill (1945) · The House on 92nd Street (1945) · The Dark Corner (1946) · 13 Rue Madeleine (1947) · Kiss of Death (1947) · Call Northside 777 (1948) · Down to the Sea in Ships (1949)

1950s

The Black Rose (1950) · You're in the Navy Now (1951) · Fourteen Hours (1951) · Rawhide (1951) · The Desert Fox: The Story of Rommel (1951) · Diplomatic Courier (1952) · Niagara (1953) · White Witch Doctor (1953) · Prince Valiant (1954) · Garden of Evil (1954) · The Racers (1955) · The Bottom of the Bottle (1956) · 23 Paces to Baker Street (1956) · Legend of the Lost (1957) · From Hell to Texas (1958) · Woman Obsessed (1959)

1960s

Seven Thieves (1960) · North to Alaska (1960) · Circus World (1964) · The Sons of Katie Elder (1965) · Nevada Smith (1966) · The Last Safari (1967) · 5 Card Stud (1968) · True Grit (1969)

1970s

Raid on Rommel (1971) · Shoot Out (1971) · Hangup (1974)

v • d • e True Grit

Novel

True Grit by Charles Portis

Film versions

True Grit (1969) · Rooster Cogburn · True Grit: A Further Adventure · True Grit (2010)

Directors

Henry Hathaway · Stuart Millar · Richard T. Heffron · Coen brothers

Soundtracks

True Grit by Glen Campbell

Rooster Cogburn

John Wayne · Warren Oates · Jeff Bridges

True Grit (novel)

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license. It uses material retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Grit_(novel) on 2011-01-06.

CONTENTS

Plot summary

Film and television adaptations

References

External links

True Grit (novel)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search

True Grit

Front cover of the 1968 Simon & Schuster hardback 1st edition of True Grit by Charles Portis.

Author

Charles Portis

Country

United States

Language

English

Genre(s)

Western

Publisher

Simon & Schuster

Publication date

1968

Media type

Print (hardcover)

Pages

215

True Grit is a 1968 novel by Charles Portis that first appeared as a 1968 serial in The Saturday Evening Post with a somewhat different storyline.[1]

In 1969, True Grit was adapted for the screen as a Western film of the same name starring John Wayne as U.S. Marshal Rooster Cogburn and Kim Darby as Mattie Ross. Wayne reprised his role in 1975's Rooster Cogburn. In 2010, a new adaptation was released. Also called True Grit, it was written and directed by the Coen brothers and starred Hailee Steinfeld as Mattie Ross and Jeff Bridges as Rooster Cogburn.

Plot summary

Portis’ novel is narrated by Mattie Ross, a thrifty, churchgoing spinster distinguished by a rare independence and strength of mind. As an old woman in the year 1928, she tells the story of her adventures many years earlier, when, at the age of fourteen, she undertook a quest to avenge her father’s death at the hands of a drifter named Tom Chaney.

As Mattie's tale begins, Chaney is employed on the Ross’ family farm in west central Arkansas, near the town of Dardanelle in Yell County. Chaney is not adept as a farmhand, and Mattie has only scorn for him, referring to him as "trash", and noting that her kind-hearted father, Frank, only hired him out of pity. One day, Frank Ross and Chaney go to Fort Smith to buy some horses. Ross takes $250 with him to pay for the horses, along with two gold pieces he always carried. He ends up spending only $100 on the horses. When Ross tries to intervene in a barroom confrontation, Chaney kills him, robs the body of the remaining $150 and two gold pieces, and flees into Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma) on his horse.

Hearing that Chaney has joined an outlaw gang led by the infamous "Lucky" Ned Pepper, Mattie wishes to track down the killer, and upon arriving at Fort Smith she looks for the toughest deputy Marshal in the district. That man turns out to be Reuben J. "Rooster" Cogburn, and although he is an aging, one-eyed, overweight, trigger-happy man who seems to drink too much, Mattie is convinced that he has "grit", and that he is best suited for the job.

Playing on Cogburn's need for money, Mattie persuades him to take on the job, insisting that, as part of the bargain, she accompany him. During their preparation a Texas Ranger named La Boeuf appears. He too is tracking Chaney for killing a senator and his dog in Texas, and hopes for glory and a big cash reward. Cogburn and La Boeuf develop a dislike for each other, but after some haggling, they agree to join forces in the hunt. The two men attempt to leave Mattie behind, but she proves more tenacious and resourceful than they had expected, and eventually she becomes an accepted member of their posse.

Together, but with very different motivations, the three ride into the wilderness to confront Ned Pepper's gang. Along the way, they develop an appreciation for one another.

Film and television adaptations
See also: True Grit (disambiguation)
The novel was adapted by Marguerite Roberts for the screenplay of the 1969 Western film, directed by Henry Hathaway and starring John Wayne as Rooster Cogburn, a role for which Wayne won the Academy Award for Best Actor in 1970.

A film sequel, Rooster Cogburn, was made in 1975, with John Wayne reprising his role, and Katharine Hepburn as an elderly spinster, Eula Goodnight, who teams up with him. A made-for-television sequel, entitled True Grit: A Further Adventure, was made 1978, starring Warren Oates and Lisa Pelikan, and featured the further adventures of Rooster Cogburn and Mattie Ross.

In 2010, Joel and Ethan Coen released another film adaptation of the novel, also entitled True Grit, with Jeff Bridges playing Rooster Cogburn. This version was more faithful to the book in some respects, focusing more on Mattie's point-of-view, and shot in settings more like what the novel describes, as opposed to the Colorado Rockies.[2]

Notably, Rooster Cogburn's patch is on the opposite eye in the Coen Brothers' version.

References

1. ^ Ed Park. "Like Cormac McCarthy, But Funny", The Believer, March 2003.

2. ^ Fleming, Michael (March 22, 2009). - "Coen brothers to adapt 'True Grit'". - Variety.

External links

- An interview on NPR with writer George Pelecanos about the novel, followed by an excerpt.

- "The Real Fort Smith: the Fact and Fiction Behind True Grit" Posted on AwardsDaily.com, 11/17/2010. A look at the veracity of the novel and both film adaptations, from a Fort Smith history perspective.

- "Like Cormac McCarthy, But Funny", by Ed Park, The Believer, March 2003.

v • d • e True Grit

Novel

True Grit by Charles Portis

Film versions

True Grit (1969) · Rooster Cogburn · True Grit: A Further Adventure · True Grit (2010)

Directors

Henry Hathaway · Stuart Millar · Richard T. Heffron · Coen brothers

Soundtracks

True Grit by Glen Campbell

Rooster Cogburn

John Wayne · Warren Oates · Jeff Bridges

True Grit (1969 film) - Wikiquote

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license. It uses material retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikiquote:True_Grit on 2011-01-06.

CONTENTS

Mattie Ross

"Rooster" Cogburn

Ranger La Boeuf

Ned Pepper

Others

Dialogue

Taglines

Cast

External links

True Grit (1969 film)
From Wikiquote (Redirected from True Grit) Jump to: navigation, search
True Grit is a 1969 film in which a young girl enlists the aid of a crusty U.S. Marshal to hunt down the man who murdered her father.

Directed by Henry Hathaway. Written by Margueritte Roberts, based on the novel by Charles Portis.

The strangest trio ever to track a killer.taglines

Mattie Ross

- I won't rest until Tom Chaney is barking in Hell.

- If I smelled as bad as you I wouldn't live near people.

- If in four months I could not find Tom Chaney, with a mark on his face like banished Cain, I would not advise others how to do so.

- I also notice that the men of Texas gouge their mounts with great brutal spurs and cultivate their hair like lettuce!

- I want Tom Chaney hanged for killing my father! It's little to me how many dogs and senators he's killed in Texas.

- Those horses can't outrun Little Blackie! They're loaded down with fat men and iron!

- I'm going! And it's not because you say I can't, and it's not because you say I can. I paid good cash money to be here, and I'm on my own business! Now, we'll have no more talk about it.

- My name is Mattie Ross, of Near Dardanelle in Yell County. My family owns property, and I don't know why I'm being treated like this!

- Rooster Cogburn is no good friend of mine! He led us straight into your hands, and now he has left me with a gang of cut-throats! Is that what they call "grit" in Fort Smith? We call it something else in Yell County.

- Papa's marker is not what was ordered. I will make that wool-hatted fool of a stone man change it.

"Rooster" Cogburn

- Mr. Rat, I have a writ here that says you are to stop eating Chen Lee's cornmeal forthwith. Now, It's a rat writ, writ for a rat, and this is lawful service of same! [to Mattie] See? He doesn't pay any attention to me. [shoots the rat] You can't serve papers on a rat, baby sister. You either kill him or let him be.

- Baby sister, I was born game, and I mean to go out that way.

- General Price don't belong to me. He just rooms with me. Cats don't belong to nobody. 'Course, I depend on him.

- A fella that carries a big-bore Sharps carbine might come in handy… if we get jumped by elephants, or buffalo, or something.

- By God! She reminds me o' me!

- LaBoeuf, if you get crosswise of me you'll think a ton of brick had fell on you! You'll wisht you was back at the Alamo with Travis!

- It's a shame, a kid like Moon losing his leg. He's too young to be hoppin' around on a raw peg. Loves to dance too much, and sport!

- DAMN a man that whistles!

- Young fella, if you're looking for trouble, I'll accommodate you. Otherwise, leave it alone.

- Ned doesn't go around killing people for no reason. Had he a reason, he'd kill them.

- I mean to kill you in one minute, Ned. Or see you hanged in Fort Smith at Judge Parker's convenience. Which'll it be?

- Fill your hand, you son of a bitch!

- Damn that Texican! When you need him, he's dead.

- We've got to get you to a doctor or you'll be deader than he is!

Ranger La Boeuf

- The French is 'La Bourf'. I say 'La Beef'.

- I only take one step at a time. That's why I was given two feet.

- You can't take men by watching them run away!

- I served under General Kirby Smith. And I don't have to hang my head when I say it.

- I ain't dead yet, you bushwhacker!

- She draws him like a gun! [referring to Mattie's constant invocation of her lawyer's name]

Ned Pepper

- I never busted a cap on a woman or anybody much under sixteen. But it's enough that you know that I'll do what I have to do.

- Most girls like little play-pretties. But you like guns, don't you?

- All the Parmalees is touched, but Harold's the worst… no, their Ma's the worst, then comes Harold's brother Farrell… but they're all good shots.

- If that girl don't stay healthy, you don't neither, understand? And you don't get paid!

- I call that bold talk for a one-eyed fat man!

Others

- Tom Chaney: A gun will say a whole lot quick!

- Tom Chaney: Everything happens to me, and now I'm shot by a child!

- Colonel Stonehill: Most people around here know of Rooster Cogburn and some people live to regret it. I would not be surprised to learn that he is a relative of yours.

- Colonel Stonehill: I just received word that a young girl fell head first down a fifty foot well on the Towson Road. I thought perhaps it was you.

- Moon: He never played me false until he killed me.

- Mexican Bob: My wounds healed by themselves - from the inside!

Dialogue

[Marshal Cogburn is cross-examined by a defense attorney]

Attorney: How many men have you shot since you became a marshal, Mr. Cogburn?

Rooster: I never shot nobody I didn't have to.

Attorney: That was not the question. How many?

Rooster: Uh, shot, or killed?

Attorney: Oh, let us restrict it to killed, so that we may have a manageable figure!

Rooster: Well, twelve to fifteen, stopping men in flight and defending myself.

Attorney: Twelve to fifteen? So many that you cannot keep an accurate count! I have examined the record, Mr. Cogburn. A much more accurate figure is available. Come now — how many?

Rooster: Counting them two Whartons… twenty-three.

Attorney: Twenty-three men in four years. That makes about six men a year!

Rooster: It's a dangerous business.

[Moon & Emmett Quincy were arrested in previous scene; Moon was shot in the leg during their capture]

Moon: Oh, my leg hurts!

Rooster: I'll bet it do, sonny-boy. Now you just sit right still so it don't bleed so much.

...

Quincy: I don't know any Ned Pepper. What's he look like?

Rooster: Short, feisty fella. He's got a messed-up lower lip. I shot him in it.

Quincy: In the lip? What was you aiming at?

Rooster: His upper lip.

Rooster: What we want to do is get them inside that dugout. I'll shoot the last man through the door, and then we'll have 'em over a barrel!

La Boeuf: You'll shoot them without a call?

Rooster: Well, it'll give 'em to know our intentions is serious! [La Boeuf & Mattie give him disapproving glares] Aw, well, I'll holler down after I shoot and see if any of 'em want to be taken alive — but when they won't, we'll shoot 'em as they come out the door.

Mattie: [drinking water from river near camp] That tastes like iron!

La Boeuf: You're lucky to be where water's so handy. I've seen the time I've drank out of a filthy hoofprint and I was glad to get it.

Rooster: If ever I meet one of you Texas waddies who ain't drunk from a hoofprint, I think I'll… I'll shake their hand, or buy them a Daniel Webster cigar! [he looks over La Boeuf's horse] How long you boys down there been mounted on sheep?

La Boeuf: Go ahead and have your little joke. But I'll tell you one thing: that little fella there will still be running when that big American stud of yours is winded and collapsed.

Rooster: Ha — sheep! Heh, heh…

[Rooster brings four dead outlaws to Indian Police outpost.]

Rooster: Boots, I got Hayes and some youngster outside, along with Moon and Quincy. I want you to bury 'em.

Boots: They're dead?

Rooster: Well, I wouldn't want you to bury 'em if they wasn't!

Mattie: I'm here to take you back to Fort Smith and hang!

Chaney: And I think I will not go. Now how do you like that?

Mattie: Well, there's a posse of officers up the hill who'll force you to go!

Chaney: How many officers?

Mattie: I'd say right around fifty — and they mean business! So you just walk up that hill right in front of me.

Chaney: I believe I'll oblige those officers to come after me.

[Ned Pepper, Mexican Bob, and the Parmalee brothers meet Rooster Cogburn blocking the road.]

Rooster: Where's the girl, Ned?

Ned: She was in wonderful health when last I saw her. I can't answer for her now.

Rooster: You'll answer for her now! Where is she?

La Boeuf: [from far off, in outlaw camp] Rooster, make a run for it! I've got Mattie! Chaney too!

Ned: Well, Rooster, will you give us the road? I have business elsewhere.

Rooster: Farrell, you and your brother stand clear. I've got no interest in you today. Stand clear and you won't get hurt.

Harold: Cock-a-doodle-doo! [other outlaws laugh]

Ned: What's your intention, Rooster? You think one on four is a dog-fall?

Rooster: I mean to kill you in one minute, Ned, or see you hanged at Fort Smith at Judge Parker's convenience. Which'll it be?

Ned: I call that bold talk for a one-eyed fat man!

Rooster: Fill your hand, you son of a bitch!

[In a scuffle with Chaney, Mattie falls into a rattlesnake pit.]

Mattie: Help me! Please help me! I'm in the pit! There's a snake down here, and skeletons!

Chaney: [leaning head over edge of pit] I warrant there'll be another one before long — a little, spindly one! How do you like it?

Mattie: [sobbing hysterically] Oh, help me, help me… please, HELP ME!

Chaney: You say you don't like it?

Taglines

- The strangest trio ever to track a killer.

- The strangest trio ever to track a killer. A fearless, one-eyed U.S. marshal who never knew a dry day in his life... a Texas ranger thirsty for bounty money... and a girl still wet behind the ears who didn't care what they were or who they were as long as they had true grit.

- A Brand New Brand Of American Frontier Story

Cast

John Wayne - Marshal Reuben J. ("Rooster") Cogburn

Kim Darby - Mattie Ross

Glen Campbell - La Boeuf

Jeff Corey - Tom Chaney

Strother Martin - Colonel Stonehill

Robert Duvall - "Lucky" Ned Pepper

Dennis Hopper - Moon

Ron Soble - "Boots" Finch

John Fiedler - Lawyer J. Noble Daggett

External links

Wikipedia has an article about: True Grit (1969 film)

- True Grit quotes at the Internet Movie Database

- True Grit at Rotten Tomatoes

John Wayne

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license. It uses material retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wayne on 2011-01-06.

CONTENTS

Early life

Film career

Filmography

1964 illness

Politics

Military service controversy

Controversial statements to Playboy magazine

Personal life

Death

Congressional Gold Medal and Presidential Medal of Freedom

American icon

Celebrations and landmarks

Missed roles

Quotations

Movie quotations

Famous quotations outside the movies

Awards and nominations

Academy Awards

Actor

Producer

Golden Globes

See also

References

Further reading

External links

John Wayne
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search

John Wayne

Wayne in Wake of the Red Witch (1948)

Born

Marion Robert Morrison
May 26, 1907(1907-05-26)
Winterset, Iowa, U.S.

Died

June 11, 1979(1979-06-11) (aged 72)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.

Other names

Marion Michael Morrison; Duke; Duke Morrison

Occupation

Actor, director, producer

Years active

1926–1976

Height

6' 4"

Spouse

Josephine Alicia Saenz (m. 1933–1945) «start: (1933)–end+1: (1946)»"Marriage: Josephine Alicia Saenz to John Wayne" Location: (linkback:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wayne)
Esperanza Baur (m. 1946–1954) «start: (1946)–end+1: (1955)»"Marriage: Esperanza Baur to John Wayne" Location: (linkback:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wayne)
Pilar Pallete (m. 1954–1979) «start: (1954)–end+1: (1980)»"Marriage: Pilar Pallete to John Wayne" Location: (linkback:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wayne)

Website

http://www.johnwayne.com

Marion Mitchell Morrison (born Marion Robert Morrison; May 26, 1907 – June 11, 1979), better known by his stage name John Wayne, was an American film actor, director and producer. He epitomized rugged masculinity and became an enduring American icon. He is famous for his distinctive voice, walk and height. He was also known for his conservative political views and his support, beginning in the 1950s, for anti-communist positions.

A Harris Poll, released January 2009, placed Wayne third among America's favorite film stars,[1] the only deceased star on the list and the only one who has appeared on the poll every year since it first began in 1994.

In 1999, the American Film Institute named Wayne 13th among the Greatest Male Stars of All Time.

Early life

Wayne was born Marion Robert Morrison in Winterset, Iowa.[2] His middle name was soon changed from Robert to Mitchell when his parents decided to name their next son Robert.[3] (Years later, after Wayne became an actor, a publicist's error referred to his "real" name as Marion Michael Morrison instead of the correct Marion Mitchell Morrison. This error infected virtually every biography of Wayne until Roberts & Olson uncovered the facts in their biography John Wayne: American, drawing on the draft of Wayne's unfinished autobiography, among other sources.[4][5][6])

Wayne's father, Clyde Leonard Morrison (1884–1937), was the son of American Civil War veteran Marion Mitchell Morrison (1845–1915). His mother, the former Mary Alberta Brown (1885–1970), was from Lancaster County, Nebraska. Wayne was of Presbyterian Scots-Irish descent through his second great-grandfather Robert Morrison, who was born in County Antrim, Northern Ireland and emigrated to the United States in 1782.[7][8]

Wayne's family moved to Palmdale, California, and then in 1911 to Glendale, California, where his father worked as a pharmacist. A local fireman at the station on his route to school in Glendale started calling him "Little Duke" because he never went anywhere without his huge Airedale Terrier dog, Duke.[9][10] He preferred "Duke" to "Marion," and the name stuck for the rest of his life.

As a teen, Wayne worked in an ice cream shop for a man who shod horses for Hollywood studios. He was also active as a member of the Order of DeMolay, a youth organization associated with the Freemasons. He attended Wilson Middle School in Glendale. He played football for the 1924 champion Glendale High School team. Wayne applied to the U.S. Naval Academy, but was not accepted. He instead attended the University of Southern California (USC), majoring in pre-law. He was a member of the Trojan Knights and Sigma Chi fraternities.[11] Wayne also played on the USC football team under legendary coach Howard Jones. An injury curtailed his athletic career; Wayne later noted he was too terrified of Jones's reaction to reveal the actual cause of his injury, which was bodysurfing at the “Wedge” at the tip of the Balboa Peninsula in Newport Beach. He lost his athletic scholarship and, without funds, had to leave the university.[12]

Wayne began working at the local film studios. Prolific silent western film star Tom Mix had gotten him a summer job in the prop department in exchange for football tickets. Wayne soon moved on to bit parts, establishing a longtime friendship with the director who provided most of those roles, John Ford. Early in this period, Wayne appeared with his USC teammates playing football in Brown of Harvard (1926), The Dropkick (1927), and Salute (1929) and Columbia's Maker of Men (filmed in 1930, released in 1931).[13] Also, it is during this period that Wayne is reputed to have met the legendary gunfighter and lawman Wyatt Earp.

Film career

While working for Fox Film Corporation in bit roles, he was given on-screen credit as "Duke Morrison" only once, in Words and Music (1929). In 1930, director Raoul Walsh cast him in his first starring role in The Big Trail (1930). For his screen name, Walsh suggested "Anthony Wayne", after Revolutionary War general "Mad Anthony" Wayne. Fox Studios chief Winfield Sheehan rejected it as sounding "too Italian." Walsh then suggested "John Wayne." Sheehan agreed, and the name was set. Wayne himself was not even present for the discussion.[14] His pay was raised to $105 a week.

The Big Trail was to be the first big-budget outdoor spectacle of the sound era, made at a staggering cost of over $2 million, utilizing hundreds of extras and wide vistas of the American southwest, still largely unpopulated at the time. To take advantage of the breathtaking scenery, it was filmed in two versions, a standard 35mm version and another in "Grandeur", a new process utilizing innovative camera and lenses and a revolutionary 70mm widescreen process. Many in the audience who saw it in Grandeur stood and cheered. Unfortunately, only a handful of theaters were equipped to show the film in its widescreen process, and the effort was largely wasted. The film was considered a huge flop.[15]

After the failure of The Big Trail, Wayne was relegated to small roles in A-pictures, including Columbia's The Deceiver (1931), in which he played a corpse. He appeared in the serial The Three Musketeers (1933), an updated version of the Alexandre Dumas novel in which the protagonists were soldiers in the French Foreign Legion in then-contemporary North Africa. He appeared in many low-budget "Poverty Row" westerns, mostly at Monogram Pictures and serials for Mascot Pictures Corporation. By Wayne's own estimation, he appeared in about eighty of these horse operas between 1930 - 1939.[16] In Riders of Destiny (1933) he became film's first singing cowboy, albeit via dubbing. Wayne also appeared in some of the Three Mesquiteers westerns, whose title was a play on the Dumas classic. He was mentored by stuntmen in riding and other western skills.[13] He and famed stuntman Yakima Canutt developed and perfected stunts still used today.[17]

Reap the Wild Wind (1942)

Wayne's breakthrough role came with director John Ford's classic Stagecoach (1939). Because of Wayne's non-star status and track record in low-budget westerns throughout the 1930s, Ford had difficulty getting financing for what was to be an A-budget film. After rejection by all the top studios, Ford struck a deal with independent producer Walter Wanger in which Claire Trevor—a much bigger star at the time—received top billing. Stagecoach was a huge critical and financial success, and Wayne became a star. He later appeared in more than twenty of John Ford's films, including She Wore a Yellow Ribbon (1949), The Quiet Man (1952), The Searchers (1956), The Wings of Eagles (1957), and The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962).

Wayne's first color film was Shepherd of the Hills (1941), in which he co-starred with his longtime friend Harry Carey. The following year he appeared in his only film directed by Cecil B. DeMille, the Technicolor epic Reap the Wild Wind (1942), in which he co-starred with Ray Milland and Paulette Goddard; it was one of the rare times he played a character with questionable values.

In 1949, director Robert Rossen offered the starring role of All the King's Men to Wayne. Wayne refused, believing the script to be un-American in many ways.[18] Broderick Crawford, who eventually got the role, won the 1949 Oscar for best male actor, ironically beating out Wayne, who had been nominated for Sands of Iwo Jima.

John Wayne in Operation Pacific (1951)

He lost the leading role in The Gunfighter (1950) to Gregory Peck due to his refusal to work for Columbia Pictures because its chief Harry Cohn had mistreated him years before when he was a young contract player. Cohn had bought the project for Wayne, but Wayne's grudge was too deep, and Cohn sold the script to Twentieth Century Fox, which cast Peck in the role Wayne badly wanted but refused to bend for.[18]

One of Wayne's most popular roles was in The High and the Mighty (1954), directed by William Wellman and based on a novel by Ernest K. Gann. His portrayal of a heroic copilot won widespread acclaim. Wayne also portrayed aviators in Flying Tigers (1942), Flying Leathernecks (1951), Island in the Sky (1953), The Wings of Eagles (1957), and Jet Pilot (1957).

John Wayne in The Searchers (1956)

The Searchers (1956) continues to be widely regarded as perhaps Wayne's finest and most complex performance. In 2006 Premiere Magazine ran an industry poll in which Wayne's portrayal of Ethan Edwards was rated the 87th greatest performance in film history. He named his youngest son Ethan after the character. John Wayne won a Best Actor Oscar for True Grit (1969). Wayne was also nominated as the producer of Best Picture for The Alamo (1960), one of two films he directed. The other was The Green Berets (1968), the only major film made during the Vietnam War to support the war.[12] During the filming of Green Berets, the Degar or Montagnard people of Vietnam's Central Highlands, fierce fighters against communism, bestowed on Wayne a brass bracelet that he wore in the film and all subsequent films.[18] His last film was The Shootist (1976), whose main character, J. B. Books, was dying of cancer—the illness to which Wayne himself succumbed 3 years later.

According to the Internet Movie Database, Wayne played the lead in 142 of his film appearances.

Batjac, the production company co-founded by Wayne, was named after the fictional shipping company Batjak in Wake of the Red Witch (1948), a film based on the novel by Garland Roark. (A spelling error by Wayne's secretary was allowed to stand, accounting for the variation.)[18] Batjac (and its predecessor, Wayne-Fellows Productions) was the arm through which Wayne produced many films for himself and other stars. Its best-known non-Wayne production was the highly acclaimed Seven Men From Now (1956) which started the classic collaboration between director Budd Boetticher and star Randolph Scott.

In the Motion Picture Herald Top Ten Money- Making Western Stars poll, Wayne was listed in 1936 and 1939 [19] He appeared in the similar Box Office poll in 1939 and 1940.[20] While these two polls are really an indication only of the popularity of series stars, Wayne also appeared in the Top Ten Money Makers Poll of all films from 1949 to 1957 and 1958 to 1974, taking first place in 1950, 1951, 1954 and 1971 . With a total of 25 years on the list, Wayne has more appearances than any other star, beating Clint Eastwood (21) into second place.[21]

In later years, Wayne was recognized as a sort of American natural resource, and his various critics, of his performances and his politics, viewed him with more respect. Abbie Hoffman, the radical of the 1960s, paid tribute to Wayne's singularity, saying "I like Wayne's wholeness, his style. As for his politics, well—I suppose even cavemen felt a little admiration for the dinosaurs that were trying to gobble them up."[22] Reviewing The Cowboys (1972), Vincent Canby of the New York Times, who did not particularly care for the film, wrote: "Wayne is, of course, marvelously indestructible, and he has become an almost perfect father figure."

Filmography
Main articles: John Wayne filmography (1926–1940), John Wayne filmography (1941–1960), and John Wayne filmography (1961–1976)

1964 illness

Wayne had been a chain-smoker of cigarettes since young adulthood. In 1964, Wayne was diagnosed with lung cancer, and underwent successful surgery to remove his entire left lung[23] and four ribs. Despite efforts by his business associates to prevent him from going public with his illness (for fear it would cost him work), Wayne announced he had cancer and called on the public to get preventive examinations. Five years later, Wayne was declared cancer-free. Despite the fact that Wayne's diminished lung capacity left him incapable of prolonged exertion and frequently in need of supplemental oxygen, within a few years of his operation he chewed tobacco and began smoking cigars until the day he died.

Politics

From The Challenge of Ideas (1961)

Wayne claimed in his Playboy interview to have been a socialist during his years at college, and he admitted voting for Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1936 presidential election. In the same interview he also expressed admiration for Democratic President Harry S Truman.[24] However, for most of his career he was a vocally conservative Republican. He took part in creating the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals in February 1944 and was elected president of that organization in 1947. He was an ardent anti-communist, and vocal supporter of the House Un-American Activities Committee. In 1952, he made Big Jim McLain to show his support for the anti-communist cause. A supporter of Vice President Richard Nixon's candidacy in the United States presidential election in 1960, he expressed his vision of patriotism when John F. Kennedy won the election: "I didn't vote for him but he's my president, and I hope he does a good job."[25]

Wayne used his iconic status to support conservative causes, including rallying support for the Vietnam War by producing, co-directing, and starring in the critically panned The Green Berets in 1968. In the mid-1970s, however, he talked some fellow conservatives into supporting the Panama Canal Treaty.[26]

Due to his enormous popularity, and his status as the most famous Republican star in Hollywood, wealthy Texas Republican Party backers asked Wayne to run for national office in 1968, as had his friend and fellow actor, Senator George Murphy. He declined, joking that he did not believe the public would seriously consider an actor in the White House. However, he did support his friend Ronald Reagan's runs for Governor of California in 1966 and 1970. He was also asked to be the running mate for Democratic Alabama Governor George Wallace in 1968. Wayne vehemently rejected the offer.[27] Wayne actively campaigned for Richard Nixon,[28] and addressed the Republican National Convention on its opening day in August 1968. Wayne also was a member of the conservative and anti-communist John Birch Society.[29]

Soviet documents released in 2003 reveal that, despite being a fan of Wayne's movies, Joseph Stalin ordered Wayne's assassination due to his strong anti-communist politics. Stalin died before the killing could be accomplished. His successor, Nikita Khrushchev, reportedly told Wayne during a 1959 visit to the United States that he had personally rescinded the order.[30][31]

Military service controversy

Visiting Brisbane, Australia, in December, 1943

America's entry into World War II resulted in a deluge of support for the war effort from all sectors of society, and Hollywood was no exception. Many established stars rushed to sign up for military service.

As the majority of male leads left Hollywood to serve overseas, John Wayne saw his just-blossoming stardom at risk. Despite enormous pressure from his inner circle of friends, he put off enlisting. Wayne was exempted from service due to his age (34 at the time of Pearl Harbor) and family status, classified as 3-A (family deferment). Wayne's secretary recalled making inquiries of military officials on behalf of his interest in enlisting, "but he never really followed up on them."[32] He repeatedly wrote to John Ford, asking to be placed in Ford's military unit, but consistently postponed it until "after he finished one more film."[33] Republic Studios was emphatically resistant to losing Wayne, especially after the loss of Gene Autry to the Army.[34]

Correspondence between Wayne and Herbert J. Yates (the head of Republic) indicates that Yates threatened Wayne with a lawsuit if he walked away from his contract, though the likelihood of a studio suing its biggest star for going to war was minute.[35] Whether or not the threat was real, Wayne did not test it. Selective Service Records indicate he did not attempt to prevent his reclassification as 1-A (draft eligible), but apparently Republic Pictures intervened directly, requesting his further deferment.[36] In May, 1944, Wayne was reclassified as 1-A (draft eligible), but the studio obtained another 2-A deferment (for "support of national health, safety, or interest").[36] He remained 2-A until the war's end. Thus, John Wayne did not illegally "dodge" the draft, but he never took direct positive action toward enlistment.

Wayne was in the South Pacific theater of the war for three months in 1943–44, touring U.S. bases and hospitals as well as doing some "undercover" work for OSS commander William J. "Wild Bill" Donovan, who thought Wayne's celebrity might be good cover for an assessment of the causes for poor relations between General Douglas MacArthur and Donovan's OSS Pacific network. Wayne filed a report and Donovan gave him a plaque and commendation for serving with the OSS, but Wayne dismissed it as meaningless.[37]

The foregoing facts influenced the direction of Wayne's later life. By many accounts, Wayne's failure to serve in the military during World War II was the most painful experience of his life.[38] There were some other stars who, for various reasons, did not enlist. But Wayne, by virtue of becoming a celluloid war hero in several patriotic war films, as well as an outspoken supporter of conservative political causes and the Vietnam War, became the focus of particular disdain from both himself and certain portions of the public, particularly in later years. While some hold Wayne in contempt for the paradox between his early actions and his later attitudes, his widow suggests that Wayne's rampant patriotism in later decades sprang not from hypocrisy but from guilt. Pilar Wayne wrote, "He would become a 'superpatriot' for the rest of his life trying to atone for staying home."[39]

Controversial statements to Playboy magazine

In an interview with Playboy magazine published on May 1, 1971, Wayne made several controversial remarks about race and class in the United States. The interview became a hot topic and many stores had trouble keeping the issue in stock.[40] He noted that, as someone living in the 20th century, he was not responsible for the way people who lived one hundred years before him had treated Native Americans, stating:

I don't feel we did wrong in taking this great country away from them if that's what you're asking. Our so called stealing of this country was just a question of survival. There were great numbers of people who needed new land the Indians were selfishly trying to keep it for themselves.... Look, I'm sure there have been inequalities. If those inequalities are presently affecting any of the Indians now alive, they have a right to a court hearing. But what happened 100 years ago in our country can't be blamed on us today. I'm quite sure that the concept of a Government-run reservation... seems to be what the socialists are working for now — to have everyone cared for from cradle to grave.... What happened between their forefathers and our forefathers is so far back -- right, wrong or indifferent -- that I don't see why we owe them anything. I don't know why the government should give them something that it wouldn't give me.[41][42]

Mr. Wayne later made statements in response to question about whether programs like Medicare and Social Security were good for the country:

I know all about that. In the late Twenties, when I was a sophomore at USC, I was a socialist myself -- but not when I left. The average college kid idealistically wishes everybody could have ice cream and cake for every meal. But as he gets older and gives more thought to his and his fellow man's responsibilities, he finds that it can't work out that way -- that some people just won't carry their load.... I believe in welfare -- a welfare work program. I don't think a fella should be able to sit on his backside and receive welfare. I'd like to know why well-educated idiots keep apologizing for lazy and complaining people who think the world owes them a living. I'd like to know why they make excuses for cowards who spit in the faces of the police and then run behind the judicial sob sisters. I can't understand these people who carry placards to save the life of some criminal, yet have no thought for the innocent victim.

In the interview he previously had discussed race relations, including his response to Angela Davis' assertion that her removal from a position as an assistant professor in the UCLA philosophy department on the grounds that she was an active member the Communist party was actually because she was black:

With a lot of blacks, there's quite a bit of resentment along with their dissent, and possibly rightfully so. But we can't all of a sudden get down on our knees and turn everything over to the leadership of the blacks. I believe in white supremacy until blacks are educated to a point of responsibility. I don't believe in giving authority and positions of leadership and judgment to irresponsible people.[43][44]

When asked how blacks could address their perceived lack of leadership experience and the inequities of the past, Wayne replied:

It's not my judgment. The academic community has developed certain tests that determine whether the blacks are sufficiently equipped scholastically. But some blacks have tried to force the issue and enter college when they haven't passed the tests and don't have the requisite background.... By going to school. I don't know why people insist that blacks have been forbidden to go to school. They were allowed in public schools wherever I've been. Even if they don't have the proper credentials for college, there are courses to help them become eligible. But if they aren't academically ready for that step, I don't think they should be allowed in. Otherwise, the academic society is brought down to the lowest common denominator.... What good would it do to register anybody in a class of higher algebra or calculus if they haven't learned to count? There has to be a standard. I don't feel guilty about the fact that five or 10 generations ago these people were slaves. Now, I'm not condoning slavery. It's just a fact of life, like the kid who gets infantile paralysis and has to wear braces so he can't play football with the rest of us. I will say this, though: I think any black who can compete with a white today can get a better break than a white man. I wish they'd tell me where in the world they have it better than right here in America.[40]

Wayne later made controversial pro-war comments when asked why a North-South joint election in Viet Nam could not have been administered in lieu of armed conflict:

That would be no more practical than if France, after coming to help us in the Revolution, suggested having an election to decide what we wanted to do. It would be an exact parallel. The majority of those living in the Colonies didn't want war at that time. If there had been a general election then, we probably wouldn't be here today. As far as Vietnam is concerned, we've made mistakes. I know of no country that's perfect. But I honestly believe that there's as much need for us to help the Vietnamese as there was to help the Jews in Germany. The only difference is that we haven't had any leadership in this war. All the liberal senators have stuck their noses in this, and it's out of their bailiwick. They've already put far too many barriers in the way of the military. Our lack of leadership has gone so far that now no one man can come in, face the issue and tell people that we ought to be in an all-out war.

Personal life

Roadside sign on the way to John Wayne Island in Panama

Wayne was married three times and divorced twice. His wives, all of them Latin women, were Josephine Alicia Saenz, Esperanza Baur, and Pilar Pallete. He had four children with Josephine:

- Michael Wayne (Film Producer) - Born November 23, 1934 / Died April 2, 2003

- Mary Antonia "Toni" Wayne LaCava - Born February 25, 1936 / Died December 6, 2000

- Patrick Wayne - (actor) - Born July 15, 1939

- Melinda Wayne Munoz - Born December 3, 1940

and three with Pilar:

- Aissa Wayne - (Actress, now Attorney) Born March 31, 1956

- John Ethan Wayne - (Actor) - Born February 22, 1962

- Marisa Wayne (Actress) - Born February 22, 1966

Heavyweight boxer Tommy Morrison alleges that Wayne is his great-uncle.[45] Wayne's son Ethan was billed as John Ethan Wayne in a few films and played one of the leads in the 1990s update of the Adam-12 television series.

His stormiest divorce was from Esperanza Baur, a former Mexican actress. She convinced herself that Wayne and co-star Gail Russell were having an affair. The night the film Angel and the Badman (1947) wrapped, there was the usual party for cast and crew, and Wayne came home very late. Esperanza was in a drunken rage by the time he arrived, and she attempted to shoot him as he walked through the front door.[18]

Wayne's hair began thinning in the 1940s and he started wearing a hairpiece by the end of that decade (though his receding hairline is quite evident in Rio Grande). He was occasionally seen in public without the hairpiece (notably, according to Life Magazine photos, at Gary Cooper's funeral).[46] The only time he unintentionally appeared on film without it was for a split second in North to Alaska. On the first punch of the climactic fistfight, Wayne's hat flies off, revealing a brief flash of his unadorned scalp. Wayne also has several scenes in The Wings of Eagles where he is without his hairpiece. (During a widely noted appearance at Harvard University, Wayne was asked by a student, "Is your hair real?" Wayne responded in the affirmative, then added, "It's not mine, but it's real!")

Wayne had several high-profile affairs, including one with Marlene Dietrich that lasted for three years.[47] In the years prior to his death, Wayne was romantically involved with his former secretary Pat Stacy (1941–1995).[12] She wrote a biography of her life with him, DUKE: A Love Story (1983).

During the early 1960s John Wayne traveled extensively to Panama. During this time, the actor reportedly purchased the island of Taborcillo off the main coast of Panama. It was sold by his estate at his death and changed hands many times before being opened as a tourist attraction.

Wayne was a Freemason, a Master Mason in Marion McDaniel Lodge #56 F&AM, in Tucson. He became a 32nd Degree Scottish Rite Mason and later joined the Al Malaikah Shrine Temple in Los Angeles. He became a member of the York Rite.[48]

Wayne biographer Michael Munn writes of Wayne's love of alcohol.[10] According to Sam O'Steen's memoir, Cut to the Chase, studio directors knew to shoot Wayne's scenes before noon, because by afternoon Wayne "was a mean drunk."[49]

John Wayne's height has been perennially described as at least 6'4" (193 cm), but claims abound that he was shorter.[50] However, Wayne's high school athletic records indicate he was 6'3" at age 17, and his University of Southern California athletic records state that by age 18, he had grown to 6'4".[51]

Death

Although he enrolled in a cancer vaccine study in an attempt to ward off the disease,[23] John Wayne died of stomach cancer on June 11, 1979, at the UCLA Medical Center, and was interred in the Pacific View Memorial Park cemetery in Corona del Mar. According to his son Patrick, he converted to Roman Catholicism shortly before his death.[52] He requested his tombstone read "Feo, Fuerte y Formal", a Mexican epitaph Wayne described as meaning "ugly, strong and dignified".[53] However, the grave, unmarked for twenty years, is now marked with a quotation from his controversial 1971 Playboy interview: "Tomorrow is the most important thing in life. Comes into us at midnight very clean. It's perfect when it arrives and it puts itself in our hands. It hopes we've learned something from yesterday."

Among the 220 or so cast and crew who filmed the 1956 film, The Conqueror, on location near St. George, Utah, ninety-one had come down with cancer (41%), including stars Wayne, Susan Hayward, and Agnes Moorehead, and director Dick Powell. The film was shot in Southwestern Utah, east of and generally downwind from where the U.S. Government had tested nuclear weapons in Southeastern Nevada, and many contend that radioactive fallout from these tests contaminated the film location and poisoned the film crew working there. Despite the suggestion that Wayne’s 1964 lung cancer and his 1979 stomach cancer resulted from this nuclear contamination, he himself believed his lung cancer to have been a result of his six-pack-a-day cigarette habit.[54] The effect of nuclear fallout on The Conqueror's cast and crew, and particularly on Wayne, is the subject of James Morrow's science-fiction short story Martyrs of the Upshot Knothole.[55]

Congressional Gold Medal and Presidential Medal of Freedom

John Wayne's enduring status as an iconic American was formally recognized by the United States Congress on May 26, 1979, when he was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal. Hollywood figures and American leaders from across the political spectrum, including Elizabeth Taylor, Frank Sinatra, Mike Frankovich, Katharine Hepburn, General and Mrs. Omar Bradley, Gregory Peck, Robert Stack, James Arness, and Kirk Douglas, testified to Congress of the merit and deservedness of this award. Most notable was the testimony of Robert Aldrich, then president of the Directors Guild of America: "It is important for you to know that I am a registered Democrat and, to my knowledge, share none of the political views espoused by Duke. However, whether he is ill disposed or healthy, John Wayne is far beyond the normal political sharp shooting in this community. Because of his courage, his dignity, his integrity, and because of his talents as an actor, his strength as a leader, his warmth as a human being throughout his illustrious career, he is entitled to a unique spot in our hearts and minds. In this industry, we often judge people, sometimes unfairly, by asking whether they have paid their dues. John Wayne has paid his dues over and over, and I'm proud to consider him a friend and am very much in favor of my Government recognizing in some important fashion the contribution that Mr. Wayne has made."

Maureen O'Hara, Wayne's close friend, initiated the petition for the medal and requested the words that would be placed onto the medal: "It is my great honor to be here. I beg you to strike a medal for Duke, to order the President to strike it. And I feel that the medal should say just one thing, 'John Wayne, American.'"[56] The medal crafted by the United States Mint has on one side John Wayne riding on horseback, and the other side has a portrait of Wayne with the words, "John Wayne, American." This Congressional Gold Medal was presented to the family of John Wayne in a ceremony held on March 6, 1980, at the United States Capitol. Copies were made and sold in large numbers to the public.

On June 9, 1980, Wayne was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Jimmy Carter (at whose inaugural ball Wayne had appeared "as a member of the loyal opposition", as Wayne described it in his speech to the gathering). Thus Wayne received the two highest civilian decorations awarded by the United States government.

American icon

Statue of John Wayne at John Wayne Airport, California

Wayne rose beyond the typical recognition for a famous actor to that of an enduring icon who symbolized and communicated American values and ideals. By the middle of his career, Wayne had developed a larger-than-life image, and as his career progressed, he selected roles that would not compromise his off-screen image. By the time of his last film The Shootist (1976), Wayne refused to allow his character to shoot a man in the back as was originally scripted,[57] saying "I've made over 250 pictures and have never shot a guy in the back. Change it."

Wayne's rise to being the quintessential movie war hero began to take shape four years after World War II when Sands of Iwo Jima (1949) was released. His footprints at Grauman's Chinese theater in Hollywood were laid in cement that contained sand from Iwo Jima.[58] His status grew so large and legendary that when Japanese Emperor Hirohito visited the United States in 1975, he asked to meet John Wayne, the symbolic representation of his country's former enemy.[59]

Wayne was a popular visitor to the war zones in World War II, Korea, and Vietnam. By the 1950s, perhaps in large part due to the military aspect of films such as the Sands of Iwo Jima, Flying Tigers, They Were Expendable, and the Ford cavalry trilogy, Wayne had become an icon to all the branches of the U.S. Military, even in light of his actual lack of military service. Many veterans have said their reason for serving was in some part related to watching Wayne's movies. His name is attached to various pieces of gear, such as the P-38 "John Wayne" can-opener, so named because "it can do anything," paper towels known as "John Wayne Toilet Paper" because "it's rough and it's tough and don't take shit off no one," and C-Ration crackers are called "John Wayne crackers" because presumably only someone as tough as Wayne could eat them. A rough and rocky mountain pass used by army tanks and jeeps at Fort Irwin in San Bernardino County, California, is aptly named "John Wayne Pass."

Various public locations have been named in memory of John Wayne. They include John Wayne Airport in Orange County, California, where his nine-foot bronze statue graces the entrance; the John Wayne Marina[60] near Sequim, Washington; John Wayne Elementary School (P.S. 380) in Brooklyn, NY, which boasts a 38-foot mosaic mural commission by New York artist Knox Martin[61] entitled "John Wayne and the American Frontier";[62] and a 100-plus-mile trail named the "John Wayne Pioneer Trail" in Washington state's Iron Horse State Park. A larger than life-size bronze statue of Wayne atop a horse was erected at the corner of La Cienega Boulevard and Wilshire Boulevard in Beverly Hills, California at the former offices of the Great Western Savings & Loan Corporation, for whom Wayne had done a number of commercials. (The building now houses Larry Flynt Enterprises.)

In the city of Maricopa, Arizona, part of AZ State Highway 347 is named John Wayne Parkway, which runs right through the center of town.

On December 5, 2007, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Wayne into the California Hall of Fame, located at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts.[63]

Celebrations and landmarks

Several celebrations took place on May 26, 2007, the centennial of John Wayne's birth.

At the Birthplace of John Wayne in Winterset, Iowa, the John Wayne Birthday Centennial Celebration was held on May 25–27, 2007. The celebration included chuck-wagon suppers, concerts by Michael Martin Murphey and Riders in the Sky, a Wild West Revue in the style of Buffalo Bill's Wild West show, a Cowboy Symposium with John Wayne co-stars, Gregg Palmer, Ed Faulkner, and Dean Smith along with Paramount producer A.C. Lyles and costumer Luster Bayless were all there to talk about their friendships with Duke. They had cavalry and trick horse demonstrations as well as many of John Wayne's films running at the local theater.

This event also included the ground-breaking for the New John Wayne Birthplace Museum and Learning Center at his birthplace house. Over 30 family members were there including Melinda Wayne Munoz, Aissa, Ethan and Marisa Wayne. Several grandchildren and great-grandchildren were also present. An old gas station is being torn down to make way for the new museum. This groundbreaking was held with Ethan Wayne at the controls of the equipment.

In 2006, friends of Wayne's and his former Arizona business partner, Louis Johnson, inaugurated the "Louie and the Duke Classics" events benefiting the John Wayne Cancer Foundation[64] and the American Cancer Society.[65][66] The weekend long event each fall in Casa Grande, Arizona includes a golf tournament, an auction of John Wayne memorabilia and a team roping competition".[65]

Missed roles

- John Wayne desperately wanted the role of "Jimmy Ringo" in the 1950 film The Gunfighter, directed by Henry King. But the role went to Gregory Peck instead. John Wayne's final film, The Shootist (1976), directed by Don Siegel was very similar to The Gunfighter.[18]

- An urban legend has it that John Wayne was offered the leading role of Matt Dillon in the longtime favorite television show Gunsmoke, but he turned it down, recommending instead James Arness for the role. The only part of this story that is true is that Wayne did indeed recommend Arness for the part. Wayne introduced Arness in a prologue to the first episode of Gunsmoke.[67]

- Wayne was approached by Mel Brooks to play the part of the Waco Kid in the film Blazing Saddles. After reading the script he said, "I can't be in this picture, it's too dirty ... but I'll be the first in line to see it."[68]

- He reportedly had initially strongly considered taking the role of Major Reisman in The Dirty Dozen, even asking MGM to make changes to the script to accommodate him. But ultimately, he turned it down to make The Green Berets. The role went to Lee Marvin.

- Wayne had lobbied to play the lead in Dirty Harry, but Warner Bros. felt that at age 63, he was too old for the role. The role eventually went to Clint Eastwood.

- Prior to his death, Wayne had bought the film rights to Buddy Atkinson's novel, Beau John, and was in the pre-production stage of the movie when he took ill. The film was a comedy set in Kentucky during the 1920s, and would have co-starred Ron Howard and Hal Linden.

Quotations

This section is a candidate to be copied to Wikiquote using the Transwiki process.

Movie quotations

- "I won't be wronged, I won't be insulted, and I won't be laid a hand on. I don't do these things to other people, and I require the same from them." (The Shootist)[69]

- Speaking to his young cavalry lieutenants: "Don't apologize—it's a sign of weakness." (She Wore a Yellow Ribbon)

- "Fill your hand, you son of a bitch!" (True Grit)

- "That'll be the day!" (The Searchers - Spoken several times; inspired Buddy Holly to write a song with that title.)

- "Pilgrim." (The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance - Reportedly he used the expression "Pilgrim", as in "tenderfoot" or "dude" or "amateur", 23 times in that film, and once also in McLintock!. It became a catchphrase for impressionists such as John Byner, and Rich Little)

- "I haven't lost my temper in 40 years; but, Pilgrim, you caused a lot of trouble this morning; might have got somebody killed; and somebody oughta belt you in the mouth. But I won't. I won't. The hell I won't!" (He belts him in the mouth). (To Leo Gordon in McLintock!)

- "Out here, due process is a bullet!" (To anti-war journalist David Janssen in The Green Berets)[69]

- "Not hardly!" (Big Jake - used several times throughout the movie when told by others "Jacob McCandles?! I thought you were dead!")

- "It's a hard life!" (The Cowboys - in response to "The 'long-haired man'" played by Bruce Dern saying "You're a hard man!")

Famous quotations outside the movies

- "I eat as much as I ever did, I drink more than I should, and my sex life is none of your goddamned business." (May 1971, Playboy interview)

- "If I had known this, I would've put that patch on thirty-five years earlier." (1969, Academy Awards speech for Best Actor in True Grit.)

- "We had a pretty good time together, when she wasn't trying to kill me!" (1954, in an interview with Hedda Hopper regarding his marriage to Esperanza "Chata" Baur.)

Awards and nominations

Academy Awards

The Academy Awards, popularly known as the Oscars, are presented annually by the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) to recognize excellence of professionals in the film industry. Wayne was nominated for three competitive awards and won once.

Actor

The winner for each year is in bold face text against a

yellow

background.

- 1949 - Best Actor

- 1969 - Best Actor

Actor

Film

Actor

Film

Broderick Crawford

All the King's Men {Best Picture}

Richard Burton

Anne of the Thousand Days

Kirk Douglas

Champion

Dustin Hoffman

Midnight Cowboy {Best Picture}

Gregory Peck

Twelve O'Clock High

Peter O'Toole

Goodbye, Mr. Chips

Richard Todd

The Hasty Heart

Jon Voight

Midnight Cowboy {Best Picture}

John Wayne

Sands of Iwo Jima

John Wayne

True Grit

Producer

- 1960 -

Producer

Film

Bernard Smith

Elmer Gantry

Jerry Wald

Sons and Lovers

John Wayne

The Alamo

Billy Wilder

The Apartment {Best Picture}

Fred Zinnemann

The Sundowners

Golden Globes

The Golden Globe Awards are presented annually by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association (HFPA) to recognize outstanding achievements in the entertainment industry, both domestic and foreign, and to focus wide public attention upon the best in motion pictures and television. Wayne won a competitive award and received the Cecil B. DeMille Award.

See also

Biography portal

- List of film collaborations

- Hall of Great Western Performers

- National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum

- The Red Scare

References

1. ^ The Harris Poll: Denzel Washington: America’s Favorite Movie Star - Harris Interactive.

2. ^ Madison County, Iowa, birth certificate.

3. ^ Roberts, Randy, and James S. Olson (1995). - John Wayne: American. New York: Free Press. pp. 8-9 - ISBN 9780029238370.

4. ^ Roberts, Randy, and James S. Olson (1995). - John Wayne: American. New York: Free Press. pp. 8-10 - ISBN 9780029238370.

5. ^ Jim Beaver, "John Wayne". Films in Review, Volume 28, Number 5, May 1977, pp. 265–284.

6. ^ Wayne, John, My Kingdom, unfinished draft autobiography, University of Texas Library.

7. ^ John Wayne Ancestry.

8. ^ Ancestry of John Wayne: Fifth Generation.

9. ^ Roberts, Randy, and James S. Olson (1995). - John Wayne: American. New York: Free Press. p. 37. - ISBN 9780029238370.

10. ^ [a] [b] Munn, Michael (2003). - 'John Wayne: The Man Behind the Myth. London: Robson Books. p. 7. - ISBN 0451212444.

11. ^ Davis, Ronald L. Duke: The Life and Times of John Wayne. University of Oklahoma Press, 2001. p. 30 ISBN 0806133295.

12. ^ [a] [b] [c] Biography - JWayne.com. Retrieved 2010-03-11.

13. ^ [a] [b] Biography of John Wayne. - Think Quest: Library.

14. ^ Roberts & Olson, p. 84.

15. ^ Clooney, Nick (November 2002). The Movies That Changed Us: Reflections on the Screen. New York: Atria Books, a trademark of Simon & Schuster. p. 195. ISBN 0-7434-1043-2.

16. ^ Clooney, p. 196.

17. ^ Canutt, Yakima, with Oliver Drake, Stuntman. University of Oklahoma Press, 1997, ISBN 0806129271.

18. ^ [a] [b] [c] [d] [e] [f] Roberts, Randy, and James S. Olson. John Wayne: American. New York: Free Press, 1995 ISBN 978-0029238370.

19. ^ Phil Hardy The Encyclopedia of Western Movies, London, Octopus, 1985, ISBN 0706425553

20. ^ Chuck Anderson. "Motion Picture Herald and Boxoffice Polls". B-westerns.com. http://www.b-westerns.com/terms5.htm. Retrieved 2010-08-29.

21. ^ http://www.quigleypublishing.com/MPalmanac/Top10/Top10_lists.html

22. ^ Time magazine, 8 August 1969.

23. ^ [a] [b] CR Magazine: "The Duke's Final Showdown" by Sue Rochman. Fall 2008.

24. ^ "Interview: John Wayne". Playboy. http://www.playboy.co.uk/life-and-style/interview/64826/1/Playboy-Interview-John-Wayne/commentsPage/1/contentPage/4. Retrieved 2010-08-29.

25. ^ Mc Carthy, Todd. Howard Hawks: The Grey Fox of Hollywood. p. 583.

26. ^ Warner, Edwin. - "That Troublesome Panama Canal Treaty". - TIME. - October 31, 1977.

27. ^ Jim Beaver, "John Wayne". Films in Review, Volume 28, Number 5, May 1977, pp. 265–284.

28. ^ Judis, John. - "Kevin Phillips, Ex-Populist: Elite Model". - The New Republic. - (c/o Carnegie Endowment for International Peace) - May 22, 2006.

29. ^ Dowell, Pat. - "John Wayne, Man and Myth". - The Washington Post. - September 25, 1995.

30. ^ Montefiore, Sebag (2003). Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar. London: George Weidenfeld & Nicholson. ISBN 1842127268.

31. ^ "Why Stalin loved Tarzan and wanted John Wayne shot". - Daily Telegraph, 6 April 2004.

32. ^ Roberts & Olson, John Wayne: American, p. 211.

33. ^ Roberts & Olson, John Wayne: American, p. 212.

34. ^ Gene Autry, who was also Wayne's age, gave an interview in 1942 that seemed, to later biographers, to chastise Wayne for his refusal to enlist and provide an example for younger actors in Hollywood: "I think the He-men in the movies belong in the Army, Marine, Navy or Air Corps. All of these He-men in the movies realize that right now is the time to get into the service. Every movie cowboy ought to devote time to the Army winning, or to helping win, until the war is over - the same as any other American citizen. The Army needs all the young men it can get, and if I can set a good example for the young men I'll be mighty proud." Source: Wills, Gary, John Wayne's America, pp. 221–223.

35. ^ Roberts & Olson, p. 220.

36. ^ [a] [b] Roberts & Olson, p. 213.

37. ^ Roberts & Olson, p. 253.

38. ^ Roberts & Olson, p. 212.

39. ^ Wayne, Pilar, John Wayne, pp. 43–47.

40. ^ [a] [b] Randy Roberts, James Stuart Olson "John Wayne:America", Richard Warren Lewis p. 580, 1997.

41. ^ Playboy Magazine Volume 18, issue #5 "John Wayne:The Playboy Interview", Richard Warren Lewis p. 78, May 1971.

42. ^ "John Wayne - Playboy Interview - Legendary Actor - Westerns". Playboy.com. http://www.playboy.com/articles/john-wayne-interview. Retrieved 2010-08-29.

43. ^ Playboy Magazine Volume 18, issue #5 "John Wayne:The Playboy Interview", Richard Warren Lewis p. 79, May 1971.

44. ^ "Playboy Interview: John Wayne". http://www.playboy.co.uk/print/print-article/item64826/. Retrieved October 30, 2010.

45. ^ The Great White Hope climbs back between the ropes.

46. ^ LIFE: John Wayne and wife arriving at church for funeral service for actor Gary Cooper. Retrieved 2010-03-11.

47. ^ Olson & Roberts, John Wayne: American, pp. 195–197.

48. ^ "John Wayne". Freemasonry.bcy.ca. http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/wayne_j/wayne_j.html. Retrieved 2010-08-29.

49. ^ "Cut to the Chase" by Sam O'Steen. Los Angeles: Michael Wiese Productions (February 2002) ISBN 094118837X, p. 11.

50. ^ Wills, Gary, John Wayne's America, pp. 90-91.

51. ^ cited in Roberts, Randy, and James S. Olson. John Wayne: American. New York: Free Press, 1995 ISBN 978-0029238370, pp. 47, 54.

52. ^ "The religion of John Wayne, actor". Adherents.com. http://www.adherents.com/people/pw/John_Wayne.html. Retrieved 2008-10-20.

53. ^ Candelaria, Nash. John Wayne, Person and Personal The love affairs of an American legend in Hopscotch: A Cultural Review - Volume 2, Number 4, 2001, pp. 2–13, Duke University Press.

54. ^ Bacon, James. - John Wayne: The Last Cowboy. - US Magazine. - (c/o JWayne.com). - June 27, 1978.

55. ^ Morrow, James (2004). The Cat's Pajamas and Other Stories. Tachyon Publications. ISBN 1892391155.

56. ^ Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Consumer Affairs of the Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs, House of Representatives, 96th Congress, First Session, on H.R. 3767, A Bill to Authorize the President of the United States to Present on Behalf of the Congress a Specially Struck Gold Medal to John Wayne, May 21, 1979, Serial 96-10.

57. ^ Trivia - The Shootist (1976) - IMDb.

58. ^ Endres, Stacey and Robert Cushman. Hollywood At Your Feet. Beverly Hills: Pomegranate Press, 1993 ISBN 0-938817-08-6.

59. ^ The Nation: Hirohito Winds Up His Grand U.S. Tour.

60. ^ John Wayne Marina.

61. ^ Exhibitions. - Knox Martin.

62. ^ John Wayne Mural.

63. ^ Wayne inducted into California Hall of Fame, California Museum. Retrieved 2010-03-11.

64. ^ John Wayne Cancer Foundation.

65. ^ [a] [b] Olson, Jim. - "Louie and the Duke Classics 2006". - Grande Living. - October 2006. - (Adobe Acrobat *.PDF document).

66. ^ News and Events: 2006 Archive - John Wayne Cancer Foundation.

67. ^ Gunsmoke - Snopes.com - 6 August 2007.

68. ^ Interview: Mel Brooks. Blazing Saddles (DVD). Burbank, California: Warner Brothers Pictures/Warner Home Video, 2004. ISBN 0790757354.

69. ^ [a] [b] "The World According to John Wayne as Seen in The Duke's Top Ten Philosophical Quotes - AMC Movie Blog - AMC". Blogs.amctv.com. 2010-07-01. http://blogs.amctv.com/movie-blog/2010/07/john-wayne-quotes.php. Retrieved 2010-08-29.

Further reading

- Baur, Andreas, and Bitterli, Konrad. "Brave Lonesome Cowboy. Der Mythos des Westerns in der Gegenwartskunst oder: John Wayne zum 100. Geburtstag". Verlag für moderne Kunst Nürnberg. Nuremberg 2007 ISBN 978-3-939738-15-2.

- Roberts, Randy, and James S. Olson. John Wayne: American. New York: Free Press, 1995 ISBN 978-0029238370.

- Campbell, James T. "Print the Legend: John Wayne and Postwar American Culture". Reviews in American History, Volume 28, Number 3, September 2000, pp. 465–477.

- Shepherd, Donald, and Robert Slatzer, with Dave Grayson. Duke: The Life and Times of John Wayne. New York: Doubleday, 1985 ISBN 0-385-17893-X.

- Carey, Harry Jr. A Company of Heroes: My Life as an Actor in the John Ford Stock Company. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 1994 ISBN 0-8108-2865-0.

- Clark, Donald & Christopher Anderson. John Wayne's The Alamo: The Making of the Epic Film. New York: Carol Publishing Group, 1995 ISBN 0-8065-1625-9. (pbk.)

- Eyman, Scott. Print the Legend: The Life and Times of John Ford. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999 ISBN 0-684-81161-8.

- McCarthy, Todd. Howard Hawks: The Grey Fox of Hollywood. New York: Grove Press, 1997 ISBN 0-8021-1598-5.

- Maurice Zolotow., Shooting Star: A Biography of John Wayne. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1974 ISBN 0671829696.

- Jim Beaver, "John Wayne". Films in Review, Volume 28, Number 5, May 1977, pp. 265–284.

- McGivern, Carolyn. John Wayne: A Giant Shadow. Bracknell, England: Sammon, 2000 ISBN 0-9540031-0-1.

- Munn, Michael (2004), John Wayne: the man behind the myth, Robson, ISBN 9781861057228

- Davis, Ronald L. Duke: The Life and Times of John Wayne. University of Oklahoma Press, 2001. ISBN 0806133295.

- Raab, Markus, Beautiful Hearts, Laughers at the World, Bowlers. Worldviews of the Late Western; in: Baur/Bitterli: Brave Lonesome Cowboy. Der Myhos des Westerns in der Gegenwartskunst oder: John Wayne zum 100. Geburtstag, Nuremberg 2007, ISBN 978-3-939738-15-2.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: John Wayne

- Official John Wayne website

- John Wayne at Find a Grave

- John Wayne Cancer Foundation

- John Wayne Cancer Institute

- Birthplace of John Wayne official website

- John Wayne at the Internet Movie Database

- John Wayne at the TCM Movie Database

- John Wayne at Allmovie

- John Wayne walks into Stardom

- The Duke

- John Wayne Island

- Awesome, and Then Some by Dick Cavett

- More Awesomeness, or John Wayne Part 2 by Dick Cavett

v • d • e Selected films of John Wayne

As director

The Alamo (1960) • The Green Berets (1968) (with Ray Kellogg)

As producer

The Bullfighter and the Lady (1951) • Hondo (1953) (with Robert Fellows) • Track of the Cat (1954) (with Robert Fellows) • Good-bye, My Lady (1956) • Gun the Man Down (1956) (with Robert E. Morrison) • The Alamo (1960)

As actor

1926–1940 • 1941–1960 • 1961–1976

Other

Batjac Productions

v • d • e Academy Award for Best Actor

Maximilian Schell (1961) · Gregory Peck (1962) · Sidney Poitier (1963) · Rex Harrison (1964) · Lee Marvin (1965) · Paul Scofield (1966) · Rod Steiger (1967) · Cliff Robertson (1968) · John Wayne (1969) · George C. Scott (1970) · Gene Hackman (1971) · Marlon Brando (1972) · Jack Lemmon (1973) · Art Carney (1974) · Jack Nicholson (1975) · Peter Finch (1976) · Richard Dreyfuss (1977) · Jon Voight (1978) · Dustin Hoffman (1979) · Robert De Niro (1980)

Complete List · (1928–1940) · (1941–1960) · (1961–1980) · (1981–2000) · (2001-present)

v • d • e Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama

Maximilian Schell (1961) · Gregory Peck (1962) · Sidney Poitier (1963) · Peter O'Toole (1964) · Omar Sharif (1965) · Paul Scofield (1966) · Rod Steiger (1967) · Peter O'Toole (1968) · John Wayne (1969) · George C. Scott (1970) · Gene Hackman (1971) · Marlon Brando (1972) · Al Pacino (1973) · Jack Nicholson (1974) · Jack Nicholson (1975) · Peter Finch (1976) · Richard Burton (1977) · Jon Voight (1978) · Dustin Hoffman (1979) · Robert De Niro (1980)

Complete List · (1943–1960) · (1961–1980) · (1981–2000) · (2001–present)

v • d • e Cecil B. DeMille Award

Cecil B. DeMille (1952)  · Walt Disney (1953)  · Darryl F. Zanuck (1954)  · Jean Hersholt (1955)  · Jack Warner (1956)  · Mervyn LeRoy (1957)  · Buddy Adler (1958)  · Maurice Chevalier (1959)  · Bing Crosby (1960)  · Fred Astaire (1961)  · Judy Garland (1962)  · Bob Hope (1963)  · Joseph E. Levine (1964)  · James Stewart (1965)  · John Wayne (1966)  · Charlton Heston (1967)  · Kirk Douglas (1968)  · Gregory Peck (1969)  · Joan Crawford (1970)  · Frank Sinatra (1971)  · Alfred Hitchcock (1972)  · Samuel Goldwyn (1973)  · Bette Davis (1974)  · Hal B. Wallis (1975)  · Walter Mirisch (1977)  · Red Skelton (1978)  · Lucille Ball (1979)  · Henry Fonda (1980)  · Gene Kelly (1981)  · Sidney Poitier (1982)  · Laurence Olivier (1983)  · Paul Newman (1984)  · Elizabeth Taylor (1985)  · Barbara Stanwyck (1986)  · Anthony Quinn (1987)  · Clint Eastwood (1988)  · Doris Day (1989)  · Audrey Hepburn (1990)  · Jack Lemmon (1991)  · Robert Mitchum (1992)  · Lauren Bacall (1993)  · Robert Redford (1994)  · Sophia Loren (1995)  · Sean Connery (1996)  · Dustin Hoffman (1997)  · Shirley MacLaine (1998)  · Jack Nicholson (1999)  · Barbra Streisand (2000)  · Al Pacino (2001)  · Harrison Ford (2002)  · Gene Hackman (2003)  · Michael Douglas (2004)  · Robin Williams (2005)  · Anthony Hopkins (2006)  · Warren Beatty (2007)  · Steven Spielberg (2009)  · Martin Scorsese (2010)  · Robert De Niro (2011)

v • d • e National Football Foundation Gold Medal Winners

1958: Dwight D. Eisenhower | 1959: Douglas MacArthur | 1960: Herbert C. Hoover & Amos Alonzo Stagg | 1961: John F. Kennedy | 1962: Byron "Whizzer" White | 1963: Roger Q. Blough | 1964: Donold B. Lourie | 1965: Juan T. Trippe | 1966: Earl H. "Red" Blaik | 1967: Frederick L. Hovde | 1968: Chester J. LaRoche | 1969: Richard M. Nixon | 1970: Thomas J. Hamilton | 1971: Ronald W. Reagan | 1972: Gerald R. Ford | 1973: John Wayne | 1974: Gerald B. Zornow | 1975: David Packard | 1976: Edgar B. Speer | 1977: Louis H. Wilson | 1978: Vincent dePaul Draddy | 1979: William P. Lawrence | 1980: Walter J. Zable | 1981: Justin W. Dart | 1982: Silver Anniversary Awards (NCAA) - All Honored Jim Brown, Willie Davis, Jack Kemp, Ron Kramer, Jim Swink | 1983: Jack Kemp | 1984: John F. McGillicuddy | 1985: William I. Spencer | 1986: William H. Morton | 1987: Charles R. Meyer | 1988: Clinton E. Frank | 1989: Paul Brown | 1990: Thomas H. Moorer | 1991: George H. Bush | 1992: Donald R. Keough | 1993: Norman Schwarzkopf | 1994: Thomas S. Murphy | 1995: Harold Alfond | 1996: Gene Corrigan | 1997: Jackie Robinson | 1998: John H. McConnell | 1999: Keith Jackson | 2000: Fred M. Kirby II | 2001: Billy Joe "Red" McCombs | 2002: George Steinbrenner | 2003: Tommy Franks | 2004: William V. Campbell | 2005: Jon F. Hanson | 2006: Joe Paterno & Bobby Bowden | 2007: Pete Dawkins & Roger Staubach | 2008: John Glenn | 2009: Phil Knight & Bill Bowerman

v • d • e USC Trojans Football

Established 1888 • Based in Los Angeles, California • Pacific-10 Conference

University

University of Southern California • President: C. L. Max Nikias • Athletic Director: Pat Haden

Head coaches

Goddard • Suffel • Freeman • Tappaan • Walker • Holmes • Traeger • Cromwell • Glaze • Henderson • Jones • Barry • Cravath • Hill • Clark • McKay • Robinson • Tollner • Smith • Hackett • Carroll • Kiffin

Stadiums

Bovard Field • Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum

Rivalries

Notre Dame (Jeweled Shillelagh) • UCLA (Victory Bell)

Culture and lore

Traveler • Tommy Trojan • The Spirit of Troy • "Fight On" • "Conquest" • "Tribute to Troy" • USC Song Girls • George Tirebiter • 1963 Rose Bowl • "The Game of the Century" • 1969 Rose Bowl • 1975 Rose Bowl • Tailback U • Glasnost Bowl • The "Bush Push" • 2006 Rose Bowl

Heisman Trophy
winners and retired numbers

#20 Mike Garrett • #32 O.J. Simpson • #12 Charles White • #33 Marcus Allen • #3 Carson Palmer • #11 Matt Leinart • #5 Reggie Bush (vacated)

Other important figures

Jon Arnett • Ricky Bell • Tony Boselli • Mark Carrier • Anthony Davis • Jack Del Rio • Frank Gifford • Pat Haden • Keyshawn Johnson • Ronnie Lott • Willie McGinest • Anthony Munoz • Rodney Peete • Troy Polamalu • Mark Sanchez • Junior Seau • Jason Sehorn • Lynn Swann • John Wayne

National Championships (11)

1928 • 1931 • 1932 • 1939 • 1962 • 1967 • 1972 • 1974 • 1978 • 2003 • 2004

Seasons (121)

1888 • 1889 • 1891 • 1893 • 1894 • 1895 • 1896 • 1897 • 1898 • 1899 • 1900 • 1901 • 1902 • 1903 • 1904 • 1905 • 1906 • 1907 • 1908 • 1909 • 1910 • 1914 • 1915 • 1916 • 1917 • 1918 • 1919 • 1920 • 1921 • 1922 • 1923 • 1924 • 1925 • 1926 • 1927 • 1928 • 1929 • 1930 • 1931 • 1932 • 1933 • 1934 • 1935 • 1936 • 1937 • 1938 • 1939 • 1940 • 1941 • 1942 • 1943 • 1944 • 1945 • 1946 • 1947 • 1948 • 1949 • 1950 • 1951 • 1952 • 1953 • 1954 • 1955 • 1956 • 1957 • 1958 • 1959 • 1960 • 1961 • 1962 • 1963 • 1964 • 1965 • 1966 • 1967 • 1968 • 1969 • 1970 • 1971 • 1972 • 1973 • 1974 • 1975 • 1976 • 1977 • 1978 • 1979 • 1980 • 1981 • 1982 • 1983 • 1984 • 1985 • 1986 • 1987 • 1988 • 1989 • 1990 • 1991 • 1992 • 1993 • 1994 • 1995 • 1996 • 1997 • 1998 • 1999 • 2000 • 2001 • 2002 • 2003 • 2004 • 2005 • 2006 • 2007 • 2008 • 2009 • 2010
Conference Champhionships (38)

v • d • e True Grit

Novel

True Grit by Charles Portis

Film versions

True Grit (1969) · Rooster Cogburn · True Grit: A Further Adventure · True Grit (2010)

Directors

Henry Hathaway · Stuart Millar · Richard T. Heffron · Coen brothers

Soundtracks

True Grit by Glen Campbell

Rooster Cogburn

John Wayne · Warren Oates · Jeff Bridges

Persondata

Name

Wayne, John Wayne

Alternative names

Morrison, Marion Robert; Morrison, Marion Mitchell

Short description

American film actor

Date of birth

26 May 1907(1907-05-26)

Place of birth

Winterset, Iowa, U.S.

Date of death

11 June 1979(1979-06-11)

Place of death

Los Angeles, California, U.S.